[BUILD] Create the configuration_core library for programmatic config

[dbarker]

Contributes to #4134 and follow up from ##3655 (review)

This PR creates a new library (configuration_core) to contain the SDK configuration components that do not require external dependencies. This library is built unconditionally with the SDK and available in the sdk CMake component. The YAML configuration component (and ryml dependency) remain with the configuration library and publicly link to the configuration_core library.

Changes

• Creates the opentelemetry-cpp::configuration_core CMake target for all configuration components that don't require external dependencies
  • The opentelemetry-cpp::configuration CMake target now just includes the ryml dependent components (ryml document, yaml parser).
• Creates the configuration_core library for Bazel builds
• Updates the INSTALL guide to cover these two targets

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.25%. Comparing base (aa60678) to head (473c3b5).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #4311      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   81.24%   81.25%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         446      446              
  Lines       18872    18872              
==========================================
+ Hits        15330    15332       +2     
+ Misses       3542     3540       -2     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
sdk/src/configuration/registry.cc	60.18% <ø> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.