GH-50891: [C++][Parquet] DON'T MERGE NOW: Support FILE logical type

[HuaHuaY]

Rationale for this change

Implement apache/parquet-format#585

The Parquet format supporting the FILE type has not yet been released, so the corresponding functionality cannot currently be merged into the Arrow repository.

Since Arrow lacks specifications related to the FILE type, an Arrow extension type was defined to enable read-write round-trips for it.

What changes are included in this PR?

1. update parquet.thrift and the generated code
2. implement the Parquet FILE logical type

I will split this PR into two after the new Parquet release is published.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

1. Add a new logical type at cpp/src/parquet/types.h.
2. Add a temporary extension type at cpp/src/arrow/extension/parquet_file.h and we can replace it at any time.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][Parquet] Introduce FileType reference implementation #50891

[github-actions]

Thanks for opening a pull request!

This pull request has been automatically converted to a draft because its title doesn't match Arrow's required format.

If this is not a minor PR. Could you open an issue for this pull request on GitHub? https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/new/choose

Opening GitHub issues ahead of time contributes to the Openness of the Apache Arrow project.

Then could you also rename the pull request title in the following format?

GH-${GITHUB_ISSUE_ID}: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

or

MINOR: [${COMPONENT}] ${SUMMARY}

After updating the title, you can mark the pull request as ready for review.

See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - Contributing Overview

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #50891 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[HuaHuaY]

cc @brkyvz