Add PadovanSequence Implementation

[Rosander0]

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new algorithms include a corresponding test class that validates their functionality.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file path/to/your/file.java

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 79.86%. Comparing base (0388455) to head (0d2a2bb).
⚠️ Report is 4 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #7477      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     79.82%   79.86%   +0.04%     
- Complexity     7312     7332      +20     
============================================
  Files           804      808       +4     
  Lines         23767    23831      +64     
  Branches       4676     4689      +13     
============================================
+ Hits          18971    19033      +62     
  Misses         4036     4036              
- Partials        760      762       +2     

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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Adds a Padovan sequence implementation to the com.thealgorithms.maths package, along with a JUnit test suite to validate correctness and input validation behavior.

Changes:

• Introduces PadovanSequence utility class with an iterative padovan(int) implementation.
• Adds PadovanSequenceTest covering base cases, known values, and negative-input handling.

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 2 out of 2 changed files in this pull request and generated 3 comments.

File	Description
src/main/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/PadovanSequence.java	Adds Padovan sequence computation with input validation and class-level documentation.
src/test/java/com/thealgorithms/maths/PadovanSequenceTest.java	Adds unit tests for base cases, known outputs, and invalid input behavior.

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