PRIK — Python Runtime Interop Kit

Generate native Python bindings for Fortran, with editable .pyi contracts and Pythonic APIs.

PRIK generates native Python bindings from Fortran projects, producing importable extensions and editable .pyi contracts for Pythonic APIs.

It preserves modules, derived types, arrays, callbacks, and native behavior so you can shape the resulting API without writing low-level binding code.

Project status: Alpha. Core Fortran wrapper workflows are implemented and tested across supported compilers, but public APIs may still change before 1.0.

PRIK starts with Fortran-to-Python. Its semantic contract model is designed to support more native languages over time.

Read the documentation for installation, the user guide, examples, and reference material.

Contents

• Proven on real libraries
• See it in action
• Key Features
• Performance
• Current limitations
• Installation & Quick Start
• How it works
• Native Project Inputs
• Python API
• Development
• Citation
• License
• Documentation

Proven on real libraries

The maintained projects build real numerical libraries with PRIK and validate their Python behavior, not just whether the generated wrapper compiles.

Project	Validated surface	Capabilities demonstrated
BLAS	All 155 discovered routines	Scalar, vector, and matrix operations; increments and leading dimensions; in-place updates; independent expectations and f2py comparisons
LAPACK	Complete implementation corpus with 127 reviewed double-precision routines	Linear solves, factorizations, eigenproblems, singular values, work arrays, and large multi-source linking
FFTPACK	All 31 public procedures	Fourier, cosine, and sine transforms; low-level workspaces; in-place arrays; allocatable results; NumPy and SciPy oracles
MINPACK	All 22 public procedures	Python callbacks; nonlinear and least-squares solvers; Jacobian and workspace writeback; immutable module constants

Together they exercise arrays, callbacks, workspaces, in-place mutation, allocatable results, module constants, and multi-file linking. The dedicated Real Libraries CI lane builds and tests all four projects.

The complete example below builds with one command:

python3 -m prik points.f90 --out geometry

See it in action

Create points.f90:

module points
  implicit none

  type :: point
    real(8) :: x = 0.0d0
    real(8) :: y = 0.0d0
  end type point

contains

  subroutine move(item, dx, dy)
    type(point), intent(inout) :: item
    real(8), intent(in) :: dx, dy
    item%x = item%x + dx
    item%y = item%y + dy
  end subroutine move

  real(8) function norm_squared(item) result(value)
    type(point), intent(in) :: item
    value = item%x * item%x + item%y * item%y
  end function norm_squared

end module points

Generated Python API:

import numpy as np
import geometry.points as points

item = points.point(x=np.float64(3.0), y=np.float64(4.0))
points.move(item, np.float64(1.0), np.float64(-2.0))

print(item.x, item.y)             # 4.0 2.0
print(points.norm_squared(item))  # 20.0

No manual bindings are required. From this source, PRIK creates a Python namespace, a class with accessible fields, a mutating procedure, and a function.

Want a different Python API? Edit the generated .pyi contract to rename or hide exports, flatten namespaces, define constructors and methods, or create overloads. The contract guide shows the available edits.

Key Features

• Native APIs that feel like Python. Fortran modules become Python namespaces, while derived types become classes with fields and methods.
• First-class NumPy array interop. Pass ordinary NumPy arrays to native procedures, including multidimensional and in-place data, with generated dtype, shape, layout, and mutability handling at the language boundary.
• Managed access to native memory. Expose allocatable and pointer arrays without hiding their ownership, lifetime, allocation, or release operations.
• Python callbacks and native overloads. Pass Python callables into Fortran and expose generic interfaces as familiar Python overloads.
• Generated APIs you can reshape. Edit the generated .pyi contract to rename, hide, reorganize, or overload the public interface, backed by readable generated docstrings.
• Unsupported contracts fail before the build. PRIK identifies the exact boundary and reason before attempting code generation or compilation.

Performance

Low wrapper overhead, measured against NumPy's f2py.

The included benchmark suite runs both tools against the same Fortran kernels through their normal generated interfaces. Results are machine-dependent; the charts below come from the latest successfully deployed benchmark snapshot.

Runtime-call performance — values above 1.0× mean PRIK is faster.

Clean end-to-end build time — lower times are better.

See the complete results, test environment, and one-command reproduction instructions.

Current limitations

PRIK does not yet support:

• arrays of derived types;
• procedure pointers, including procedure-pointer module variables and callbacks retained after the wrapped call; or
• polymorphic outputs, mutable polymorphic arguments, polymorphic arrays, unlimited polymorphism (class(*)), abstract types, and deferred bindings.

Installation & Quick Start

PRIK requires Python 3.10 or newer, NumPy, Python development headers, standard build tools, and Fortran and C compilers. GNU Fortran is the default and is tested on Linux and macOS. LLVM Flang is tested on both platforms; Intel IFX is tested on Linux.

Install the published PRIK package in a virtual environment:

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate
python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
python3 -m pip install prik

Check the installation:

prik --version
python3 -m prik --help

Contributors can instead clone PyNumLab/prik and install an editable checkout with python3 -m pip install -e ".[qa]".

With the points.f90 source from above in the current directory, build the extension:

python3 -m prik points.f90 --out geometry

--out geometry selects the import name and the final shared-library name. PRIK places the stable import file beside the source and keeps generated build artifacts under __prik__/:

.
  points.f90
  geometry.so
  __prik__/
    geometry.<extension-suffix>.so
    generated-wrapper sources
    binding_support/

The Python code shown at the top of this README can now import geometry directly.

Use --out-dir to place the ABI-specific extension and generated files in a chosen build directory:

python3 -m prik points.f90 \
  --out geometry \
  --out-dir build/geometry

.
  geometry.so
  build/geometry/
    geometry.<extension-suffix>.so
    generated-wrapper sources
    binding_support/

Inspect the generated contract

Generate the editable .pyi contract for the same points.f90:

python3 -m prik generate --pyi points.f90 --out contracts

The command preserves the Fortran module as a contract module:

contracts/
  __init__.pyi
  points.pyi

Generated contracts/points.pyi:

from prik.contracts import Addr, Arg, Float64, native_call

class point:
    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        x: Float64 = 0.0,
        y: Float64 = 0.0
    ) -> None: ...

    x: Float64 = 0.0
    y: Float64 = 0.0

@native_call([Arg(0), Addr(Arg(1)), Addr(Arg(2))])
def move(
    item: point,
    dx: Float64,
    dy: Float64
) -> None: ...

def norm_squared(
    item: point
) -> Float64: ...

The contract describes the generated Python class, fields, functions, exact NumPy scalar types, and native argument order. Editing it changes the wrapper API; it does not change the Fortran implementation.

Build from the contract

After editing the contract, rebuild the same Python API from the package entry and the original Fortran implementation:

python3 -m prik contracts/__init__.pyi \
  --native-fortran-sources points.f90 \
  --out geometry \
  --out-dir build/geometry_from_pyi

The contract build has the same import name and module layout:

.
  geometry.so
  build/geometry_from_pyi/
    geometry.<extension-suffix>.so
    generated-wrapper sources
    binding_support/

Import the extension from the explicit build directory when needed:

import sys

import numpy as np

sys.path.insert(0, "build/geometry_from_pyi")
import geometry.points as points

item = points.point(x=np.float64(3.0), y=np.float64(4.0))
points.move(item, np.float64(1.0), np.float64(-2.0))
print(points.norm_squared(item))  # 20.0

Inspect the native build

Use --verbose when you want to see the compiler commands and confirm which wrapper flags reached the build:

python3 -m prik points.f90 \
  --out geometry_debug \
  --out-dir build/geometry_debug \
  --jobs 4 \
  --verbose \
  --compiler gfortran \
  --wrapper-fortran-flags=-O2 \
  --wrapper-c-flags=-O2

The verbose output includes native source compilation, generated bridge compilation, generated Python binding compilation, and the final link command. Dependency-ready source files and the generated binding may compile concurrently; --jobs 1 selects a serial diagnostic build. The custom wrapper flags appear in the relevant command lines:

<fortran compiler> ... -O2 ... generated bridge ...
<python-binding compiler> ... -O2 ... generated Python binding ...
<fortran compiler> -shared ... -O2 ... geometry_debug ...

How it works

Fortran sources
  -> compiler preprocessing and target-type probing
  -> Fortran parser
  -> semantic IR construction
  -> post-IR policy completion and ordered wrapper plan
  -> direct native-bridge and Python-binding lowering
  -> native compilation and shared-library link
  -> importable Python extension

For diagnostic and inspection commands beyond the main build path, start with python3 -m prik --help, then continue to the CLI command reference.

Native Project Inputs

Fortran builds default to gfortran. For a real project, replace the checked input path with your source path, use --help to choose the compiler and native project options you need, and enable --verbose when you want to audit the exact compiler and linker commands.

Use --out to select generated contract locations, wrapper module names, or explicit build directories, depending on the command mode.

Python API

Public entrypoints cover Fortran extension builds, parsing, semantic conversion and .pyi emission:

from prik import build_fortran_extension

result = build_fortran_extension(
    "points.f90",
    output_name="geometry",
    output_dir="build/geometry_api",
)
print(result.module_name)
print(result.shared_library)

Parser and semantic entrypoints remain available independently for controlled strings, focused tests, and already-preprocessed inputs.

For native projects with macros, includes, or target flags, use the compiler-preprocessed CLI path or an equivalent preprocessing configuration.

Development

PRIK is created and maintained by Said Hadjout, with extensive use of AI-assisted software-development tools, particularly OpenAI Codex, for implementation, refactoring, testing, debugging, documentation, investigation, and review assistance.

Architecture, interoperability semantics, feature design, acceptance criteria, and final integration remain maintainer-directed. AI-assisted changes are subject to the same tests, compiler validation, real-library checks, and quality requirements as other changes.

Run the full suite from the repository root:

PYTHONPATH=. python3 -m pytest -q

Citation

If you use PRIK in research, cite the release you used. PRIK 0.2.1 is archived at 10.5281/zenodo.21881988, while 10.5281/zenodo.21881987 covers all releases. Machine-readable metadata is available in CITATION.cff.

License

PRIK is distributed under the MIT License. Copyright (c) 2026 Said Hadjout.

Using PRIK does not impose the MIT License on the user's native sources or on wrapper code derived from those inputs. Users may distribute generated wrappers under terms of their choice. Files copied from PRIK's binding_support/ package remain MIT-licensed and must retain the included license notice when redistributed.

Documentation

• Documentation — Learn how to install and use PRIK
• Getting Started — Installation, verification, standalone procedures, modules, and rebuild workflow
• User Guide — Data types, functions, modules, arrays, derived types, callbacks, ownership, and runtime behavior
• Changelog — User-visible changes by release