[Bugfix][Store] Retry HA stale-handle cleanup oplog persist on transient backpressure

[Connor-Matthew]

Description

In HA mode (enable_ha_ && enable_oplog_), ClearInvalidHandles persists
stale-handle cleanup through the oplog writer before removing metadata.
Today a single transient failure makes the persist call give up
immediately:

• TASK_PENDING_LIMIT_EXCEEDED — the batch writer's slots are momentarily
  full while it seals the current batch; capacity frees up within
  milliseconds.
• UNAVAILABLE_IN_CURRENT_STATUS — the writer is briefly rejecting writes
  while its write_batch retries against the KV backend.

When that happens, the stale handles / last-replica metadata survive until
the next cleanup sweep, so invalid client handles linger longer than
necessary and (for the last-replica path) removed objects stay visible in
the metadata map despite the client being gone.

This PR wraps both oplog persist calls in ClearInvalidHandles with a
bounded exponential-backoff retry (RetryOplogPersist):

• TASK_PENDING_LIMIT_EXCEEDED: retry up to 10 attempts, backoff
  min(2^attempt, 16ms) — the writer frees slots imminently, waiting pays
  off.
• UNAVAILABLE_IN_CURRENT_STATUS: retry up to 5 attempts with the same
  backoff — recovery depends on the KV backend, so bail out earlier
  instead of spinning on a persistent outage.
• Any other error (INVALID_PARAMS etc.): no retry, returned immediately.

Control flow is unchanged: if the persist still fails after retries,
the key is skipped exactly as before and cleanup is retried on the next
sweep. No fallback semantics are added or removed.

Module

• Transfer Engine (mooncake-transfer-engine)
• Mooncake Store (mooncake-store)
• Reshard (mooncake-reshard)
• Mooncake EP (mooncake-ep)
• Mooncake PG (mooncake-pg)
• Integration (mooncake-integration)
• P2P Store (mooncake-p2p-store)
• Python Wheel (mooncake-wheel)
• Common (mooncake-common)
• Mooncake RL (mooncake-rl)
• CI/CD
• Docs
• Other

Type of Change

• Bug fix
• New feature
• Refactor
• Breaking change
• Documentation update
• Performance improvement
• Other

How Has This Been Tested?

Test commands:

# Not run locally: the submitter's host is macOS, and this project can
# only be built inside a Linux container. Intended command:
ctest --test-dir build -R master_service

Test results:

• Unit tests pass — not verified locally; relying on this PR's CI run
• Integration tests pass (if applicable)
• Manual testing done (describe below)

The change is a pure retry wrapper around existing calls: the success path
is byte-identical to before, and the failure path after exhausting retries
returns the same error the caller already handles (skip key, retry next
sweep). Formatting verified with clang-format 20.1.8 per
.clang-format (clean, no violations on touched lines).

Checklist

• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have formatted my code using ./scripts/code_format.sh
  (clang-format 20.1.8, no violations on touched lines)
• I have run pre-commit on the files changed in this PR and all hooks
  pass — toolchain unavailable on the submitter's macOS host; relying
  on CI
• I have updated the documentation (if applicable) — not applicable,
  no behavior contract change
• I have added tests to prove my changes are effective — retry timing
  depends on the oplog writer's internal backpressure state; open to
  adding a unit test if reviewers suggest a good injection point
• For changes >500 LOC: I have filed an RFC issue — not applicable
  (+59/-4 LOC)

AI Assistance Disclosure

• No AI tools were used
• AI tools were used (specify below)

Ported and adapted with AI assistance (Proma Agent): locating the upstream
call sites, adapting the retry helper to current main (the original
commits target a fork whose ClearInvalidHandles control flow has
diverged), and formatting checks. The human submitter has reviewed every
changed line and can defend the change end-to-end.