diff --git a/.github/workflows/deploy.yml b/.github/workflows/deploy.yml index 5376e85..b88b243 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/deploy.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/deploy.yml @@ -38,6 +38,10 @@ jobs: NODE_ENV: production LOG_LEVEL: error DEBUG: error + # Notion and Substack both sit behind Cloudflare, which blocks Actions + # runners. Build from the snapshot committed under data/ (refreshed with + # `npm run fetch-content` on a dev machine) and fail loudly if it's absent. + CONTENT_SOURCE: snapshot steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v2 diff --git a/.github/workflows/pr-preview.yml b/.github/workflows/pr-preview.yml index 66f2e64..43d8348 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/pr-preview.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/pr-preview.yml @@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ jobs: SUBSTACK_HANDLE: ${{ vars.SUBSTACK_HANDLE }} NODE_ENV: production LOG_LEVEL: error + # see deploy.yml — Cloudflare blocks Actions runners, so builds read the + # content snapshot committed under data/ + CONTENT_SOURCE: snapshot steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v2 diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 9edf64b..9e28885 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ # next.js /.next/ /out/ +tsconfig.tsbuildinfo # production /build diff --git a/.nvmrc b/.nvmrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..728f7de --- /dev/null +++ b/.nvmrc @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +22.9.0 diff --git a/components/LayoutPost.tsx b/components/LayoutPost.tsx index 35918a3..c273183 100644 --- a/components/LayoutPost.tsx +++ b/components/LayoutPost.tsx @@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import * as React from "react"; import * as types from "lib/types"; -import { Block, BlockMap, PageBlock, ExtendedRecordMap } from "lib/types"; -import { getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; +import { Block, PageBlock, ExtendedRecordMap } from "lib/types"; +import { getBlockValue, getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; import { log } from "lib/log"; /* @@ -97,16 +97,16 @@ function getPageFromRecords(args: { }; } - const postRootBlock = ( - Object.values(recordMap?.block).find((block: BlockMap[string]) => { - return block?.value?.id === pageId; - }) as BlockMap[string] - )?.value as PageBlock; - const postContentBlocks = Object.values(recordMap?.block) - .filter((block: BlockMap[string]) => { - return block?.value?.parent_id === pageId; - }) - .map((b: BlockMap[string]) => b?.value) as Array; + const blocks = Object.values(recordMap?.block).map((entry) => + getBlockValue(entry) + ); + + const postRootBlock = blocks.find( + (block) => block?.id === pageId + ) as PageBlock; + const postContentBlocks = blocks.filter( + (block) => block?.parent_id === pageId + ) as Array; const page = pageFromBlock({ recordMap, block: postRootBlock }); return { diff --git a/components/NotionComponents.tsx b/components/NotionComponents.tsx index 90bbcc2..b9f919f 100644 --- a/components/NotionComponents.tsx +++ b/components/NotionComponents.tsx @@ -4,7 +4,12 @@ import Image from "next/image"; import { useSearchParam } from "react-use"; import { NotionRenderer, NotionComponents, Text } from "react-notion-x"; -import { getBlockTitle, getPageProperty, formatDate } from "notion-utils"; +import { + getBlockTitle, + getBlockValue, + getPageProperty, + formatDate, +} from "notion-utils"; import { Block, ExtendedRecordMap } from "notion-types"; // utils @@ -74,8 +79,7 @@ export const getNotionProps = ({ site, recordMap, pageId }): any => { }, [site, recordMap, lite]); const keys = Object.keys(recordMap?.block || {}); - const block = recordMap?.block?.[keys[0]]?.value; - console.log({ keys, block }); + const block = getBlockValue(recordMap?.block?.[keys[0]]); // const isRootPage = // parsePageId(block?.id) === parsePageId(site?.rootNotionPageId) diff --git a/components/NotionPage.tsx b/components/NotionPage.tsx index d8a553f..6a659ca 100644 --- a/components/NotionPage.tsx +++ b/components/NotionPage.tsx @@ -10,7 +10,12 @@ import { PageBlock } from "notion-types"; import TweetEmbed from "react-tweet-embed"; // utils -import { getBlockTitle, getPageProperty, formatDate } from "notion-utils"; +import { + getBlockTitle, + getBlockValue, + getPageProperty, + formatDate, +} from "notion-utils"; import { mapPageUrl, getCanonicalPageUrl } from "lib/map-page-url"; import { mapImageUrl } from "lib/map-image-url"; import { useDarkMode } from "lib/use-dark-mode"; @@ -172,7 +177,7 @@ export const NotionPage: 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In addition, the budget estimates of capital expenditure allocations to the Agriculture, Water Resources, Health, Education and Defence sectors in Nigeria during the oil boom period 1977-1983, were collected from publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria" + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090572, + "last_edited_time": 1671453840000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "Lb6Yig1tihGGtNVUO_93Lg,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "Lb6Yig1tihGGtNVUO_93Lg,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "Lb6Yig1tihGGtNVUO_93Lg", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "LbtiRSHjT5nI", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 469, + "c": "Aggregate data on planned capital expenditure allocation to the agriculture sector in the four National development Plans: First (1962-68), Second (1970-74), Third (1975-1980) and fourth (1981-1985) were sourced. 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This finding support the view that the oilboom relaxed the financial constraints to development (Sanyal and Babu, 2010), and made more funds available for agricultural development." + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090572, + "last_edited_time": 1671453840000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "bj7_rQklh3PmEC7FBkJlvQ,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "bj7_rQklh3PmEC7FBkJlvQ,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "bj7_rQklh3PmEC7FBkJlvQ", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "-9PK3-a0FGV_", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 479, + "c": "Figure 1 shows the volume of capital allocation to the agriculture sector before and during the oilboom periods. From the figure it is clear that the volume of capital allocation to the agriculture sector during the oilboom period was more than 1200% higher than that during the pre-oilboom period. This finding support the view that the oilboom relaxed the financial constraints to development (Sanyal and Babu, 2010), and made more funds available for agricultural development." + }, + { + "t": "e" + } + ], + "l": "" + }, + "c": [] + } + } + } + } + }, + "role": "reader" + } + }, + "616abc66-a609-4105-93c4-338a1c55e41a": { + "spaceId": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "value": { + "value": { + "id": "616abc66-a609-4105-93c4-338a1c55e41a", + "version": 9, + "type": "quote", + "properties": { + "title": [ + [ + "The findings of this study indicate that governments in Nigeria have not neglected agriculture as a result of the oilboom. Oilboom period Nigerian governments have invested heavily in agricultural development through the establishment of the Nigerian Agricultural Bank in 1973; Integrated Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), World Bank assisted in 1974; Operation Feed the Nation, 1976; Strenghthening of the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in 1977; Green Revolution in 1980; Accelerated Developmement Area Programme (ADA) in 1981; Livestock Development Programme (LDP) in 1981; Rural Agro-Industrial Scheme (RAIS) in 1981; and a running 75% subsidy on fertilizer (1977-83)." + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090572, + "last_edited_time": 1671453840000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "rOEJ7g_15p24zxW2MgpSOw,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "rOEJ7g_15p24zxW2MgpSOw,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "rOEJ7g_15p24zxW2MgpSOw", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "584mmASDs3jJ", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 692, + "c": "The findings of this study indicate that governments in Nigeria have not neglected agriculture as a result of the oilboom. Oilboom period Nigerian governments have invested heavily in agricultural development through the establishment of the Nigerian Agricultural Bank in 1973; Integrated Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), World Bank assisted in 1974; Operation Feed the Nation, 1976; Strenghthening of the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in 1977; Green Revolution in 1980; Accelerated Developmement Area Programme (ADA) in 1981; Livestock Development Programme (LDP) in 1981; Rural Agro-Industrial Scheme (RAIS) in 1981; and a running 75% subsidy on fertilizer (1977-83)." + }, + { + "t": "e" + } + ], + "l": "" + }, + "c": [] + } + } + } + } + }, + "role": "reader" + } + }, + "83cacd6d-d79b-40c7-9597-7b150d82db3a": { + "spaceId": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "value": { + "value": { + "id": "83cacd6d-d79b-40c7-9597-7b150d82db3a", + "version": 9, + "type": "quote", + "properties": { + "title": [ + [ + "The empirical findings of the study indicate significant increase in the quantity of capital expenditure allocation to the agriculture sector during the oilboom period; and that more capital expenditure was allocated to the agriculture sector than was allocated to either of Health, Education or Defence sectors in Nigeria during the oilboom period. Thus, it can be concluded that, in terms of sectoral capital expenditure allocations, agriculture in Nigeria was not neglected as a result of oilboom. Therefore, the decline in agricultural production in Nigeria was not statistically attributable to neglect of the agricultural sector during the oil boom period. The reason could be as a manifestation of Dutch Disease, Natural Resource Curse, Rent Seeking phenomenom, or some other reason else." + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090572, + "last_edited_time": 1671453840000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "t2-O2z6IrmqH9u6GJ4AnqQ,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "t2-O2z6IrmqH9u6GJ4AnqQ,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "t2-O2z6IrmqH9u6GJ4AnqQ", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "Cx4XOfqgrV73", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 795, + "c": "The empirical findings of the study indicate significant increase in the quantity of capital expenditure allocation to the agriculture sector during the oilboom period; and that more capital expenditure was allocated to the agriculture sector than was allocated to either of Health, Education or Defence sectors in Nigeria during the oilboom period. Thus, it can be concluded that, in terms of sectoral capital expenditure allocations, agriculture in Nigeria was not neglected as a result of oilboom. Therefore, the decline in agricultural production in Nigeria was not statistically attributable to neglect of the agricultural sector during the oil boom period. 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N. (2011). An empirical\nstudy of World Bank agricultural development programme in\nNigeria. American Journal of Social and Management\nSciences 2(1): 176-187" + ] + ] + }, + "format": { + "list_format": "roman" + }, + "created_time": 1669533056524, + "last_edited_time": 1671453900000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "Cunt1MrBC9wGa8YMNjN0zw,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "Cunt1MrBC9wGa8YMNjN0zw,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "Cunt1MrBC9wGa8YMNjN0zw", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "8OYDbc_u3irU", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 189, + "c": "[5] Chukwuemeka, E. and Nzewi, H. N. (2011). An empirical\nstudy of World Bank agricultural development programme in\nNigeria. 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Zaria:\nInstitute of Administration" + ] + ] + }, + "format": { + "list_format": "roman" + }, + "created_time": 1669533056524, + "last_edited_time": 1671453900000, + "parent_id": "4c20f9b0-b4d4-49dd-ac48-cd22ec4dbf1c", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "QzhCCeuesNDYcvTqDBolTg,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "QzhCCeuesNDYcvTqDBolTg,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "QzhCCeuesNDYcvTqDBolTg", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "vTKA_Nuot0ca", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 144, + "c": "[11] Ilugbuhi, T. O. (1968). Nigeria’s Experience in Domestic\nFinancing of Development. Research Memo series. 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Lack of continued industrialization in boom industries points to strong incentives for exporters/importers to sell raw produce and import finished from other countries, possibly supported by tax benefits or subsidies. These middlemen did not reinvest towards localizing manufacturing to add value and diversifying markets for more resilience" + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090573, + "last_edited_time": 1670832360000, + "parent_id": "f8efc87a-0fa4-4355-b71a-a7b77322892f", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "A6mKxae_C85gZYumh-tN0Q,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "A6mKxae_C85gZYumh-tN0Q,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "A6mKxae_C85gZYumh-tN0Q", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "s3fMPrGmtmHJ", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 469, + "c": "It begs more questioning how more capital allocation and improvements in economy from cash windfall results in more corruption. 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Considering incentives, actors and econ/environ conditions" + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090573, + "last_edited_time": 1670579520000, + "parent_id": "f8efc87a-0fa4-4355-b71a-a7b77322892f", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "UbC9-APAquR2kpNdfzFElg,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "UbC9-APAquR2kpNdfzFElg,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "UbC9-APAquR2kpNdfzFElg", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "kw3UruehYAPh", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 62, + "c": "— . 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This tendency is notorious in Nigeria’s oil industry, exemplified by everything from subsidy fraud to oil theft/pipeline vandalism." + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090573, + "last_edited_time": 1670579520000, + "parent_id": "f8efc87a-0fa4-4355-b71a-a7b77322892f", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "tJHy-yV1xUr87x_EvCi-cg,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "tJHy-yV1xUr87x_EvCi-cg,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "tJHy-yV1xUr87x_EvCi-cg", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "YmEYrfaemEjj", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 675, + "c": "Despite numerous programs to empower farmers and scale up their processes, overall trend till present day signals decline. Why? Similar reasons to above — ultimately the incentives were either: unsustainable to bring value long term and/or failed to reinvest near term value towards long term resilience. Local traders/middlemen probably benefit more from relationships w foreign buyers/processes for reliable revenue than from taking risks in longer-term local value creation. It’s arguable that most value  capture was among these middlemen. This tendency is notorious in Nigeria’s oil industry, exemplified by everything from subsidy fraud to oil theft/pipeline vandalism." + }, + { + "t": "e" + } + ], + "l": "" + }, + "c": [] + } + } + } + } + }, + "role": "reader" + } + }, + "3c13f750-f737-4adf-83b3-f1b34cd96962": { + "spaceId": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "value": { + "value": { + "id": "3c13f750-f737-4adf-83b3-f1b34cd96962", + "version": 7, + "type": "text", + "properties": { + "title": [ + [ + "Additionally, governments interventions during the pre-through-post boom period were in the following forms: credit extension, crop and livestock supply/development, fertilizer subsidies. Credit extension programs, esp w foreign support, have limited effectiveness if interest rates spike and can lead to debt dependency by farmers. Similar issues are present w importing fertilizer or over subsidizing it as a primary output b/c crop outputs become dependent on the subsidy existence — Additionally chemical fertilizers and mass production techniques notoriously lead to soil and ecosystem degradation,  kicking off a vicious spiral where farmers depend more and more on these techniques to have reliable output while destroying the efficacy of the natural environment (progressively making the arable land less arable)" + ] + ] + }, + "created_time": 1670579090574, + "last_edited_time": 1670579520000, + "parent_id": "f8efc87a-0fa4-4355-b71a-a7b77322892f", + "parent_table": "block", + "alive": true, + "space_id": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "crdt_format_version": 1, + "crdt_data": { + "title": { + "r": "1nifHuolyrYtD1GvoFcENg,\"start\",\"end\"", + "n": { + "1nifHuolyrYtD1GvoFcENg,\"start\",\"end\"": { + "s": { + "x": "1nifHuolyrYtD1GvoFcENg", + "i": [ + { + "t": "s" + }, + { + "t": "t", + "i": [ + "YK2vMfklLfE6", + 1 + ], + "o": "start", + "l": 820, + "c": "Additionally, governments interventions during the pre-through-post boom period were in the following forms: credit extension, crop and livestock supply/development, fertilizer subsidies. 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Contrast this against orthodox incentives around monoculture relying on few “high market value”  products, galvanized by large fertilizer inputs and reliably large outputs of raw produce to be sold in relatively few markets ~ putting producers and local economy at the mercy of the market and external pricing dynamics, and also environmental conditions like pests and weather that might decimate all of a monoculture plantation (vs a polyculture that would have other plants that remain resilient)" + }, + { + "t": "e" + } + ], + "l": "" + }, + "c": [] + } + } + } + } + }, + "role": "reader" + } + }, + "1d6c9dbf-d625-4ef0-9888-d21742e7be80": { + "spaceId": "11dec3c1-493e-4776-809d-a61975e143d9", + "value": { + "value": { + "id": "1d6c9dbf-d625-4ef0-9888-d21742e7be80", + "version": 7, + "type": "text", + "properties": { + "title": [ + [ + "From thinking through these incentives that came about from the national approach to agriculture during the oil boom, we have some more detailed hypothesis about how increased expenditure still resulted in neglect of the industry. 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Introduction: Why Understand Archives? Why or why not LLMs?

In the past year, this space has explored and documented a practice of archiving articles, papers, images and links around topics of history, permaculture, and (more recently) psychology. Even before that, we created a bit of value by indexing machine learning papers as amateur learners in the space, serving a reading list with the community to learn, share and build more knowledge on. Prior still, I had a harmless yet insightful addiction to saving links in tools like Pocket (RIP), where the vast majority of my reading list went disregarded (so much so that I didn’t bother migrating off the tool when Mozilla sunsetted it) – this has been replaced by a more intentional practice with Are.na. Through these, it was clear that it’d be a great exercise to read and understand the insights of the many links in archives in aggregate, given that one couldn’t otherwise read and synthesize every single page. Pertinently, the intentional archival practice is focused towards long-term goals of the Surulere.dev project, and syntheses of the perspectives we examine is a key value of our research project. I believe that this sort of exploratory research and pattern matching is common in other projects and institutions concerned with literature review, comparative analysis and digital humanities.

Even as LLMs came on the scene, I’ve persistently imagined ways to project the narrative text of the archives onto visual reference frames – not unlike how numeric or statistical signals can be projected onto graphs – to help visually understand correlations, come to conclusions, or at least find good places to start reading with a coherent path through the archives. Generally speaking LLMs, when thought of as a function, translate text to text of varying length — attempting to predict the next tokens, based on statistical projections of likely relation from a vast set of trained high-dimensional vector-representations of words. These vectors may by dimensionally-reduced and projected visually in 2 or 3D, whereas neighbor distance and vector direction signify semantic relationships from the LLMs’ perspective. Thinking about this more, it seemed compelling to capitalize on such visual projection of the information encoded in text, to support users to map the latent space of conclusions that an LLM could draw, rather than generating an opaque and fixed conclusion. This is partly exemplified in tools like logprobs and TokenProbe, that guide interpretability by showing the model’s confidence in each word, and the alternatives considered.

Expanding this concept to the visual interpretability of retrieval-augmented generation with LLMs, offers an automatic knowledge graph to help us understand the archives. This humanizes the same mechanisms used by LLMs, leaning on heuristics that appeal to visual & linear thinking styles, to aid understanding. Considering other visual projections of archival data that aid understanding, the idea of using timelines and maps to project the topics of interest seemed intuitive to me as a history and geography nerd.

So I built this, in the form of the Archive 3D: a tool for comparative analysis of archival and historical corpora, using visualizations of semantic, temporal/chronological and spatial/geographic entities across texts.

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Semantic similarity view, along with LLM commentary sidebar
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Timeline view of dates mentioned in selected texts
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Geographic view of place names
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Detailed comparison view of two texts, with another semantic-similarity view of related fragments

LLMs will increasingly get better at completion, summaries and synthesis to the extent of “eating” the whole interpretability problem. But I figure good scaffolding will be useful nonetheless, if not for human understanding of texts, then for visibility into the LLMs’ reasoning process itself – I’d argue that this general opinion is shared by Claude Code, DSPy and other “harnesses” or frameworks for critical LLM-driven tasks. Indeed visualizing the raw encodings of named entities in text as are surfaced by RAG, could provide a bridge with which to think with LLMs, rather than have LLMs think for us.

The Technical What and How of Archive 3D

The Archive 3D tool is my personal case study of building a tool to solve this problem. Over the past 2 years, it has followed the path of the common approaches in the LLM space, starting with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), and now centering on tools to visualize and understand historical archives. To illustrate how my thinking developed as I steeped in the space of using LLMs for archival knowledge bases, I’ll walk through a few versions/iterations of this tool:

Version 0: Data Ingestion and RAG Foundation (Dec 2024 - Jan 2025)

This involved a basic RAG pipeline of generating word embedding across entire documents, in form links (HTML pages) and PDFs, from my Are.na archive. This involved transforming both document formats to Markdown, using markdownify and PyMuPDF4LLM (note that PDF parsing is notoriously complex) – tools that I identified after a bit of research on approaches, trading off accuracy/quality, cost (offline, open source approaches) and speed (assuming the user would initially need to bulk import their corpus, rather than index it incrementally).

From these markdown-ified archives, I passed these to a free open source model all-MiniLM-L6-v2 to generate embedding across the entire text — which made sense to cheaply/quickly generate embeddings, avoiding the cost of hosted LLMs. These embeddings and metadata from Are.na were then stored in a vector database called QDrant – which I picked for no better-informed reason than SEO, but coincidentally had a cool built-in graph visualization of the DB contents, allowing me to do some visual debugging and otherwise quickly get rolling to deploy the tool.

At this point, the goal was simply trying to set up a RAG on my data, so I wired together a CLI to query the vector store to answer questions using the document chunks. This was a fun exercise, and upon showing it to my brother, we pointed it at some other datasets for his business research use case. This was great for showing the versatility of RAGs — but then something still felt lacking when exploring my archives without as clear of a research query, but more of an subjective goal of finding interesting connections to dig deeper into.

Version 1: 3D Graph Explorer + LLM Features (Apr - Jun 2025)

This version of the tool took a significant step in making the RAG query engine usable in a way that’s feasible to the discovery oriented approach to research with my archival practice. The 3D graph visualization was top of mind, so I quickly promoted my way to an interface here. Since this was a full fledged web app now and not only a CLI, I built something out using a standard web dev setup, using Netlify (my go-to PaaS, sorry Vercel) to deploy a React frontend app with some serverless functions to transit data back and forth from QDrant. I iterated to a seemingly useful flow of pre-loading random nodes, and having links progressively expand/reveal as a path is explored.

But, in the process of making UI tweaks on the baseline graph, it occurred to me that the old cut functionality could still be useful alongside the graph visualization. At this point, it was straightforward to plug the tool into an LLM API, and set up a simple chat interface to “chat with” the archives. In this case, there wasn’t much additional context engineering/harnessing to allow the LLM access the content of the RAG/knowledge graph itself, just a simple setup that passed the titles and links to relevant each node and assumed the LLM knew something about them. This constrained approach was driven by a limited context window, but worked well enough to start. Funny enough, in one of my first feedback sessions with a friend, he pointed out that I was giving free access to my LLM tokens with this chat view, which prompted me to have users set their own token in the frontend in order to use this feature (and trust that I would not store it for myself).

Version 2: Geographic and Chronological References (Jul - Sep 2025)

When the first solid foundations of the visual RAG tool were built, and I had a clear pipeline for indexing texts by semantic similarity based on word embeddings, the question of how else the text could be visualized came to mind. The subject matter of most of my archives had to do with historical texts, and I considered that visualizing the relevant locations and dates/time periods referenced was likely a powerful way to understand the texts, especially in relation to one another. The timeline visualization was heavily inspired by TimelineCurator from UBC and TimelineJS from Northwestern University, which were designed to serve researchers and journalists trying to understand and present chronological narratives. The map visualization also draws on my long-time interest in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), with writing about Mapping Lagos Slums and building a simple shareable map visualization tool. Thinking about examples of archival texts like Winston Churchill’s campaigns in the Sudan or Flora Shaw’s chronicles of British colonial Sudan and Nigeria, we see how these could be mapped and charted even against other major world events like the abolition of the slave trade, late 19th century European conflict, the Berlin conference and the first world war.

Implementation-wise, I utilized spaCy NLP toolkit for basic named entity extraction (NER) to identify location-type of date-type references in text. I then passed these to a geocoder API, to convert location strings to coordinates/regions to place on a map, and a hand-rolled temporal expression normalizer, to convert date strings to numeric timestamps/ranges to place on a timeline. The API-based geocoder approach was slow given network calls and also overkill given that I did not really need address-level resolution (only city and country), so I looked for and inevitably hand-rolled (mostly hand-prompted) an offline geocoder that utilized a local copy of GeoNames dataset to resolve the locations – I nerdsniped myself setting up an embedding-based resolver for ambiguous locations that resolved to duplicate names, though it was not as accurate as would be ideal (“Paris” might still resolve to “Paris, TX” in an article about Napoleon 🤦). For temporal expression normalization, I used a heavy mix of Regular Expressions to detect and normalize certain types of expressions that show up in historical texts, like the “Middle Ages” or the “Renaissance” – through this, I’ve learned that this is still a broad area of research in NLP, especially when it comes to doing it cheaply and in a comprehensive way that doesn’t require walls of parsing rules. Recently, I’ve spent a bunch of time researching and benchmarking approaches to temporal expression normalization, from rules- and constraint-based to LLM-assisted approaches, and found a 20-year old constraint-based approach called Temporal Expression Anchoring (TEA) to be promisingly fast, cheap and extensible – I plan to publish this survey as a paper for the wider research approach.

Version 3: Chunk-level Similarity & Advanced Visualization (Dec 2025 - Feb 2026)

After some time off, I went further on the emergent need for more granularity in exploratory analysis of the archives, by comparing texts via the constituent sections, sentences or paragraphs (considered “chunks” in the RAG context). The idea here is that we might see two linked nodes (articles/papers) in the graph, and decide we’d want to see what in particular is similar about these articles, maybe in that they reference the same time period (e.g. “History of Britain” and “History of Japan” articles both having a “World War II” section, or “U.S. Presidents” and “Hollywood History” both having paragraphs or more on “Ronald Reagan”)

This involved doing another round of indexing to chunk the text, using standard document chunking approaches provided by langchain_text_splitters library. I did a bit of initial iteration to figure out good defaults for chunk length/overlap that would be intelligible when visualized, and also useful from an embedding-based similarity mapping perspective. I arrived at roughly sentence-length chunks to start, although subsequent use of the tool shows that a configuration closer to paragraph-length would be more intelligible. The UI then visualizes the document by chunk, as well as maps similar chunks on another node-graph visualization.

Additionally, I did some parallelization of expensive operations to enable more scalable and sufficiently low-latency for onboarding users by bulk-importing their archives, using some green-thread based parallelism in Python given the low intensity of the tasks and relative ease of that approach. The infra engineer in me briefly considered a Celery setup for proper async/scheduled/background processing of bulk imported archives (perhaps a legitimate usability unlock, yet for non-existent users) … until I saw how much managed Redis costs on Google Cloud. This was a fun constraint that further drove parallelization work, and raised some other interesting (yet likely overkill) alternative approaches like HTTP event streams or WebSockets for loading indicators. Also, upon thinking more about the usability, I added a catalog/menu view to search through the archives and load nodes into the active view, all behind some authentication-gating powered by Supabase.

Future Versions: Offline-first, Modularity and Deeper NLP

I’ve taken some learnings from earlier phases of this tool, a few of them from user feedback (though I’m still the primary user) and others from technical factors. I’m taking this combination of my personal insights in developing and using the tool and some feedback from a few folks, and combining it with the recent zeitgeist around LLM + local markdown-driven “personal knowledge bases”, modular agent-friendly toolkits, as well as the movement around local-first software. I’d like to do as much processing locally as possible, storing the downloaded and converted archives as Markdown, such that users have more ownership/access to these. Additionally, the indexed semantic embeddings, chronological and geographic references can also be serialized locally, using files on disk in native formats like GeoJSON/KML spatial data, TIMEX-annotated text, as well as in SQLite database files with support for vector-embedding indexes and queries (i.e. nearest neighbor).

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Sketch of document with geographic expressions indexed, timex-data annotated

Additionally, there’s a clear need for more in-depth leveraging of diverse ideas from NLP, including named entity recognition (NER), to provide more points/layers/frames of reference, all of which can be queried/mapped visually in relation to one another, as well as fed into LLM context-windows. NER is the backbone of keyword identification as well as temporal/chronological reference extraction. Alongside extraction of key references in text, better semantic and structure-aware chunking of text would be crucial to the user journey of “zooming in” to discover related segments between two similar articles/papers/books. NER pipelines and such features for understandability of text are well implemented in OG NLP libraries like spaCy and, combined with embedding-based similarity and smart querying via LLMs, these can serve to super-charge the understandability of texts.

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Sketch of document with expression and keyword-types annotated in text, showing emergent relationships and meaning

Recognizing the wider space of similar tools and push to agent-friendly modularity with LLMs, exemplified in Karpathy’s LLM knowledge base and Tobi Lutke’s QMD markdown indexing and RAG engine, I’m motivated to create modular components for individual tasks in this tool. This looks like a distinct CLIs for extracting geographical and chronological references, as well as a configurable means to chunk and index embeddings of texts, all relying on transparent plaintext data formats. One nice side effect of CLI-driven and plaintext/SQLite file-based storage of this data, is that LLM coding agents can assist in rapid experimentation, understanding and visualization of the semantic data along the stated reference frames as well as others that might emerge. This data can then feed back into query expansion and document search to further enrich results and LLM responses in a RAG system.

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Sketch of QMD architecture
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Sketch of Archive 3D Architecture

One quirky idea I’m playing with (please don’t steal this :p) is to generate quick “visual abstracts” of articles or text, as a way to “condense” and summarize articles/texts. Such means of summarizing information in non-textual formats are useful for visual learners like myself, and add an overall richness/aliveness to documents that might be otherwise dense or academic. These additional signals in a knowledge base tool can serve to help users build genuine understanding of archival information, and (crucially) ask new questions out of left-field rather than only provide a flat probabilistically “compiled” summary/answer from narrowed latent space.

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Visual abstract of PG’s article on “How to Do Great Work” c/o Jason Shen

Beyond the Experiment: Our Need to Understand the Archives

Speaking personally, the need to understand the archives in this way feels more pertinent as we narrow in on topics that are of particular interest to the long-term goals of the Surulere.dev project. As might be apparent through our archives and past blog posts, these goals include:

  1. Understanding knowledge and symbolic systems that have supported civilization in Africa over the past millennia

  2. Permaculture systems and interventions that can mitigate effects of climate change while empowering communities

  3. Decentralized financial instruments for mitigating poverty and providing on-ramps to wealth-building in volatile developing economies

Each of these goals requires research, examining papers or articles with narratives that are argued alongside data in the form of images, maps or financial charts. These narratives inevitably sit in a broader context of data, information and narratives through history, where other data points provide angles with which to look at specific data. Consider the data points about insecurity in Northern Nigeria, which on the face of it is a result of religious extremism, when charted against climate change factors like the drying of Lake Chad and the consequent agricultural and economic effects – such realizations can be understood granularly, not just intuited, with tools that map and project narrative information with structured data on universal reference frames of chronology and geography, as well as semantic relationships and quantitative value.

As I dig deeper and connect with others to solve these distinct-yet-linked problem spaces, I’m intentionally framing the unique value that technology can bring to these. Indeed, there’s a variety of tools that will help in navigating these problem spaces, including interactive archival indexes, knowledge graphs, temporal mappers and geographic information systems. Through working on prototypes of these, it’s been exciting to make incremental improvements based on the feedback this has received. Still, I’m eager to go much further/deeper, in seeing how these tools can be useful to anthropologists, archaeologists, economists, policy makers, engineers and entrepreneurs – being some archetypes of collaborators with whom the above goals can be accomplished.

In all this, I’m careful to think about the pitfalls of building complex tools or systems around an ill-framed problem, in lieu of establishing a detailed knowledge/understanding of the problem domain. The counter-balance here is that, I am a computer scientist and tool-builder at heart, as opposed to an expert in any of the specific tools or areas of interest that I’ve mentioned here, and the value that I can concretely bring here is to support subject matter experts with appropriate tools, and bridge different domains as a generalist enthusiast & researcher. Recognizing this, it feels like the ideal approach is a deeply collaborative one around which tools might be needed.

So, to readers in my network, consider this essay to be a technical overview and a call to action with two arms:

  1. Types of research and archival information that is available to be parsed towards the goals, and the sorts of insights that can arise through tools for multi-dimensional comparative analysis

  2. Examples of interventions, especially in the context of Nigeria/Africa, that are possible when supported by such evidence: e.g. outlining politicians historical campaign promises, or mapping floods and other natural or infrastructural disasters

I hope this post serves as a clarion call to the wider network of enthusiasts and experts, to bring together such technology and experts aligned towards similar goals.

Thanks for reading SURULEREDOTDEV! Subscribe to receive new posts and support my work. Engage in the comments!

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Introduction: Taking Ownership of the Archives

In the theme of taking ownership of the archives, we’re tackling the challenge of creating an index of African artifacts in museums across the world. It’s a well known fact that a vast amount of Africa’s material heritage is held abroad, and attempts at reparation are highly controversial. This project comes off a longtime fascination with this reality, clarity of demand and interest at various levels, and deepening awareness of the power of understanding Africa’s history as manifested through artifacts.

As mentioned before, this project is informed through manual indexing, archival and sharing of artifacts by us and many other enthusiasts as are common on social media. The approach is integrated with a growing knowledge of African history through researchers and archaeologists, notably Prof. Akin Ogundiran, and draws from Isaac Samuel’s recent overview of the museums that hold many of these artifacts.

African History Extra
Online resources for African history: links to African collections held at 33 Western Museums
Up to 90% of Sub-Saharan Africa’s material cultural legacy is kept outside of the continent, according to a French government-commissioned 2018 report by Senegalese economist Felwine Sarr and French historian Bénédicte Savoy…
Read more
a year ago · 64 likes · 3 comments · isaac Samuel

Engaging with principles of open data, espoused by Museums’ digital data departments, creative commons licenses permit syndicating content about artifacts for educational purposes. Computational means including open APIs and public catalogs allow for this indexing effort to be fulfilled with minimal resources.

A big driver of urgency of this project is the opening of the MOWAA and the controversy around the returned artifacts, highlighting the unfortunate persistent issues with accessibility and cultural understandings of the artifacts’ value. It’s clear that:

  1. Physical reparation is not an end in itself: redeeming the artifacts also requires understanding them collectively, such that the intangibles and knowledge they encode are also restored, allowing them to be valued appropriately and not merely as tokens or sentimental relics

  2. Gleaning and sharing more about these artifacts and what they represent is of key importance, in steeping them in the collective context they’ve been robbed of and redeeming their full physical and metaphysical value. Further comparative analysis and research shows promise in revealing deep insights about history, culture and consciousness

  3. Much can and should be done with the available digital archives across the world, pending physical reparation and given the difficulties facing and relative dearth of continued archeology in Africa — the digital space offers a unique ability to catalog and comparatively analyze artifacts in order to unlock deeper insight about them

Why a Centralized Index of African Artifacts?

Well beyond a “symbolic” gesture, or a mere data mining effort, there’s immense power in building an understanding of African artifacts, their purposes and the knowledge systems and mythologies encoded therein. There exists much information about artifacts, scattered across museums and syndicated with varying levels of fidelity on social media.

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Artifacts and archives on African history are popular on social media, but might not be properly attributed. The post on the left is descriptive but lacks attribution (such as dates the images were captured), while the post on the right includes significant details and attribution. [sources: 1, 2]

There’s also a generally limited understanding of the full breadth and depth of Africa’s material heritage, in terms of chronology (age of artifacts), geography (places and historical sites represented) as well as comparative relationships — this last fact is pertinent in light of Africa’s often fragmented cultural landscape, with a lack of mutual understanding among cultures that’ve arguably coexisted long in the past.

In digitally archiving, cataloging and analyzing these artifacts, even in advance of physical repatriation, deeper comparative insights can be unlocked. Take the examples of:

  1. How certain artifacts like Igbo Ikenga totems, Edo ivory carvings or (notably, as we’ve already analyzed) Yoruba door panels serve to chronicle personal and collective histories, corroborating oral narratives and expanding the corpus.

  2. The overlap in stylistic and constituent properties of Nok, Sokoto and Ife terracotta, or Igbo Ukwu and Ife bronzes, as well as common textile motifs between the Ijebu and Ijaw kingdoms, which points to industry as well as potential knowledge and skill transfer in antiquity

These theories have been explored speculatively to some insight. Hence, looking at the artifacts in light of these theories, at a greater scale, promises much more insight in these regards — and without a doubt serve as sources of novel theories on cultural relations.

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African history enthusiast speculating on particular stylistic similarities between Nok and Yoruba (Ife) sculptures. Compelling speculations like this can be substantiated with a wider comparative exercise [source]

While the centralization of the index is helpful for consolidation, it is not intended to be “closed source” or to simply extract value from the artifacts, but rather to serve new value as can be provided by an index/catalog and comparative analysis tool. Additionally, the fact that this index syndicates data from other museums necessitates source referencing, a focus on education, and precludes monetization.

The Progress so far: Archiving, Indexing and Comparatively Analyzing

Ahead of embarking on a large scale indexing effort, we’ve theorized and done some manual analysis that has revealed concrete empirical and promising speculative pointers to the power of comparative analysis for these artifacts, identifying symbolic systems and motifs with high potential for insight:

  1. In our recent deep-dive and speculative analysis, Yoruba door panels contain distinct narrative forms. These often reflect common symbolic motifs as well as corroborate oral histories and philosophies like those encoded in the Odu Ifa. See our detailed analysis of a specific set of archaic panels from the German Archeological Institutes 1912 expeditions here

  2. Weave patterns are a common motif in Yoruba art work, and our analysis shows evidence of these symbolizing numerics in different contexts. These also seem to appear in those of other cultures — notably Lusona drawings, where they serve as abstract representations of narratives or proverbs, and are even considered similar with such systems on the Indian subcontinent.

  3. The Nsibidi symbolic system of the Igbo and other peoples of south-eastern Nigeria, having established translations for narration, representing both tangible and intangible relationships and objects. The preservation of this system seems to have gone from being a part of ancient education, to a system maintained by secret societies, and now one that appears not (yet) to be obscure in the fullness of its meaning, through which it might serve a more generative purpose in society at large.

  4. Chevron “V” patterns in Kongo art are documented to have concrete ontological meaning, as understood as in ancestral knowledge (secret) societies and popularized through academic philosopher and initiate Prof. Fu’Kiau

Read more on these threads of inquiry on Symbolism in African art here:

With these existing paths from established research, and our empirically-backed speculations on individual artifacts or motifs, we’ve gone ahead to lay the groundwork for comparative analysis at a larger scale. This has now taken concrete shape as:

African Artifacts Index

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A web interface allowing you to explore artifacts across museums, view details, as well as filter by and see more about particular cultures - artifacts-index.surulere.dev

Technically speaking, this uses computational means to index relevant digital archives of several museums into a consolidated interface. This is a central source for artifacts from across the continent, as illustrated by the map view for narrowing down your exploration.

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Filters for narrowing down artifacts to specific regions or cultures.

Additionally, we’re analyzing artifacts for similarities, both in the textual/semantic context about them (materials, related cultures, provenance and descriptions), as well as the visual context as to their form and things like the appearance of certain motifs (this visual aspect is more complicated, yet is a ripe ground/challenge for both adapted and novel means of analyzing images). The next section shows great examples of these comparative analysis tools and insights so far.

What Larger Purpose Sustains this Work: Paths Forward and Fuel for the Fire

Evidently, there’s an interest in and need for more knowledge of Africa’s heritage. Looking at two threads here that are relevant path forwards from this project:

  1. There’s a whole lot of interest in African intellectual and creative history from different angles including ancient oral traditions, written accounts from Arabic/Ajami scripts as well as new world chroniclers, and archeology of well-known and obscure sites. Artifacts offer another great frame of reference for histories, with a clear aspect of dating and origin/provenance.

  2. There’s much to be understood and reconciled about the cultural and relational history of Africa, and artifacts serve as concrete witnesses. In looking at history intersubjectively and holistically, seeking connections that bridge cultures in a non-oppositional way, critical analysis of artifacts is a promising path forward.

On both these fronts, there is a bias to examining these histories with a dialogical lens, assuming cultures are more interrelated than not, as opposed to looking only at what makes individual cultures distinct. This is an intentional bias that’s aimed at establishing more unity between cultures through shared or related identity, as evidenced through archetypal motifs in physical and other historical artifacts – this is also the reason I choose to explore various African cultures, rather than focus on the Yoruba or Nigerian cultures alone. Indeed, the comparative analysis tools already show interesting bridges, acknowledging the interrelationships between cultures across Africa’s externally-defined borders:

  • Ceremonial helmet masks, seen across Mende (Sierra Leone), Senufo (Ivory Coast, Mali and Burkina Faso), Bamum (Cameroon) and Biombo (Congo) [Artifacts Index link]

    \"\"
    Detailed information on this Helmet mask artifact, covering culture and source country, a general description, and (a link to) the museum where it’s housed
    \"\"
    Scrolling down in that same page, and clicking the “SIMILAR ARTIFACTS” dropdown queries our database for semantically similar artifacts

  • Embroidered gowns, seen across Hausa and Soninke (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea) cultures [Artifacts Index link] as well as among the Yoruba in northern regions like Ilorin [Artifacts Index link]

    \"\"
    Detail page for the former “embroidered gown” artifact linked above
    \"\"
    Similar artifacts dropdown on the detail page for that former “embroidered gown” artifact
    \"\"
    Detail page for the latter of the “embroidered gown” artifacts linked above, this one from Yoruba country. Retrieved from SMB museum in Germany
    \"\"
    Similar artifacts dropdown on the detail page of that latter “embroidered gown” artifact

  • Standing ancestor figures, seen across Fang (Gabon), Tiv (Nigeria), Babembe (Congo), Mbole (Congo) cultures [Artifacts Index link]

    \"\"
    Detail page for the “standing man figure” artifact
    \"\"

These are but a few examples of common motifs among thousands of other artifacts that are currently indexed in this archive.

Note that (at the time of writing) these links are established by looking at only semantic similarities in the descriptions and metadata of these artifacts. The next phase of this “Similar Artifacts” comparative analysis feature, will be to leverage visual similarity of the images and constituent symbolic forms of the artifacts. This unlocks a whole other layer of significant interrelationships.

The next branching off point for this project is disseminating the archived and insights from comparative analysis of artifacts in this centralized index. The structure for this will be a Wikipedia-supported grant to support the effort and provide accountability towards the goal — this post serves to kick off that off-shoot project, pending the Wikipedia grant. Concretely, this project will involve syndicating relevant artifacts and other visual archives into Wikipedia pages for various African cultures – further enriching a popular and trusted source for African history, and increasing accessibility to the general public.

Finally, this project has built in features to align accountability, engagement and support for this work publicly. This includes a mailing list signup, for new updates or regular digests of interesting artifacts, share links for further syndicating these links to social networks, a change log listing the projects development milestones, and a means to support the project via donations.

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Support our work through the “SUBSCRIBE” and “SUPPORT” buttons at the bottom-left

Conclusion: Why is this Work of Personal Importance?

This article would not be complete without a personal reflection on what brought us around to doing this work, and our hope to be a good vessel for bringing this to fruition. To quickly summarize:

  • This project consolidates a lot of our interests in history, archeology, archetypal psychology, as well as data processing and machine learning. It’s engaging these interests, and culminating a lot of learning and career and passion-driven exploration over the past several years – in specializing in web and infrastructure software development, and a sensitivity for user needs at various scales; as well as in sustaining an archival practice, and building close familiarity with historiography, sociology and philosophy with a focus on Africa

  • The wider community of historians, researchers, artists and enthusiasts are ultimately key stakeholders in such a work. It’s a blessing to be connected with folks like this, including childhood elders like Rev. Dr Kehinde Olabimtan and Mrs. Molara Wood, as we also seek out more like-minded community members and elders. From this starting point, we feel equipped and supported in achieving the goals stated above.

  • Finally, there’s a deep humility in approaching such a project, and engaging with cultural materials that hold a certain numinosity – these are sacred artifacts for cultures around Africa, displaced from their context and value. I hope for grace and support from God, the ancestors and the contemporary community in stewarding this project, and anything that proceeds from it.

Share this post for reach with the broader community of African history researchers and enthusiasts

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Introduction: What’s Are.na? As tools, community and culture

I often describe Are.na as “Pinterest for nerds”, a cheeky description that misses some of its character. Are.na is a powerful tool for hobbyists, students or researchers to collect knowledge on the internet — featuring web and mobile tools for saving and organizing information into “channels”.

As a tool or product, its features and minimal design lend well to use-cases like mood boarding, reading lists, quote collections, or journals. The fundamental building “blocks” and “channels” are versatile in supporting public and private collaboration (notably DMs as shared private channels), knowledge sharing and appropriate attribution through metadata features.

As a community and culture, I’ve found the variety of uses by members compelling and the diverse interactions welcoming. I’ll only scratch the surface here, as the direct experience speaks for itself, and a glimpse is in connections made by folks like: Alice Otieno, Rodrigo Tello, Branden Collins, Omayeli Arenyeka, Wale Boyo and many others.

Why Archive on Are.na?

To speak a bit personally about my archival practice and use of Are.na: In 2019, I started using Are.na to catalog references about African philosophy, after being spurred on by an old manager and fellow philosophy nerd by the question: “who are some African philosophers I should refer to”? Later, with a breakup I started journaling to self-reflect, putting some of those philosophies collected on Are.na into practice. From 2020 till now, especially in light of global events, my archival practice has moved into the areas of history, sustainability, psychology and socio-technical development. Most recently, in further reflection on my growth and multi-disciplinary perspective, I’ve found compelling references in psychology that integrate spirituality and mythology with modern neuro and social science. This combination of intentional research and personal reflection is what characterizes my archival practice today.

My threads of research in social science and technology are steeped in history and geopolitics as the reference frame. On Are.na, this looks like channels on history and anthropology, with a focus on African states and cultures familiar to me like the Yoruba, channels on permaculture as sustainable ancestral technology, and also channels on topics in psychology, physical science, technology and computing. The contents of these channels are biographies, key events and concepts, articles or papers in various domains. These vary in media type from images, pdfs, web pages, including lots of Wikipedia and YouTube videos, especially for Permaculture content and select documentaries. I strive to ensure the blocks are attributed and include metadata.

\"\"
Historiography channel on Are.na, by Korede Aderele

Are.na’s toolset, and open culture have made it a great place to explore these interests. My practice has grown in size, scope and sophistication over the years, partly inspired by the rigor and consistency by which other community members practice. My timeline and interactions on Are.na strongly reflect the development of my multi-disciplinary interests, and also my synthesis of this perspective.

How I use Are.na for Archival Practice

I generally add stuff to Are.na passively, when I come across topics of interest while scrolling social media, or actively, when I’m focused on uncovering references for a particular topic. In either case, I can use Are.na’s ecosystem of browser extensions, and share widgets to save a new reference from wherever. I often start with Wikipedia and mine it for secondary sources, picking up webpages, papers and images that illustrate a topic. Are.na does well to scrape webpage data, including metadata and the full text content for the in-app “reader” view.

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Are.na browser extension
\"\"
Are.na share widget (iOS)

Are.na’s also handles raw files like images and PDFs in an important way, in that it saves a copy on its own cloud, so there’s no concern about link rot to the original files. That being said, images, PDFs and other raw files are not automatically parsed for content or metadata, so in this case I strive to add the metadata manually, including more readable names, descriptions and a link to where the image/PDF was retrieved from. One way to make this easier is to simply copy text from the source page or from the image itself where applicable, given most modern photo editors have basic OCR. For example, I frequently save Wikipedia images and copy their relevant Wikimedia metadata details. Also, I take photos of key pages in physical books in my research area, use my phone’s OCR feature to copy the text, and post the image to Are.na along with relevant metadata (like title, chapter and page number) and the OCR text (after some mild manual transcribing).

\"\"
Example block of a Wikipedia image with metadata that I manually pull from its Wikimedia page: https://www.are.na/block/38242629
\"\"
Example block of screenshotted book page with metadata and OCR content copied manually via iOS OCR (selecting and copying text on screen): https://www.are.na/block/19674036

Another site I often glean archival information from is Internet Archive (archive.org), where many old books and images are available. In this case, I will either save the webpage with a reader view to some book, or in the case where a full text PDF is available add it to Are.na, including context and a link to the reader page for more detailed context. Relatedly, the IA’s Wayback Machine is a critical tool for getting around link rot, and has come in handy many times in letting me uncover old references. In the absence of PDFs of books, I often see images of book covers serve as appropriate references to source material.

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Example Block showing a PDF saved from Internet Archive, including copied metadata and a link to the source page: https://www.are.na/block/38700758

Adding context or metadata is key to diligent archival, allowing other folks to get the more value out of my curation of this reference – a culture of such archival attribution enables strong chains of context amidst shares and reshares of information. Such a culture is codified on Are.na with the concept of block connections and source URL-indexing.

Conclusion

To summarize this what, why and how guide behind archiving with Are.na:

  • Are.na is at its plainest a tool for collecting and categorizing different types of content; in my archival practice I focus on text and images with historical backing, papers, articles, web pages and images

  • Are.na has some great features for archival: Websites are auto scraped for title, descriptions, metadata and full text. Raw files like PDFs and images are copied to Are.na’s dedicated cloud, but adding additional context to them is very valuable. Full PDF sources are great when they can be found, but book covers can suffice

  • Are.na enables passive and active archival via a solid ecosystem of browser extensions and share widgets for grabbing content from anywhere

  • Strong metadata and attribution practices helps with revisiting relevant references in, allowing others to explore more, and generally add depth as well as breath to an archival channel.

Adjacently, in summary of my more personal experience on Are.na:

  • My archival practice has grown from something deeply personal, to something I hope to serve others and the broader community with. This post is an attempt at such service.

  • The archives I build on Are.na reflect multi-disciplinary interests that are increasingly integrated into a personal thesis that’s in service of trans-personal goals.

  • The Are.na toolset and community has been indispensable for me, and I’d like to give back in this form of reflection and further discussion on archival practice.

Thanks for reading :)

Thanks for reading SURULEREDOTDEV! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.

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Cosmology = A grand theory of everything.", + "body_html": "

Introduction

This article explores why a good “grand theory of everything” is equivalent to a “cosmology”, and attempts to define a grand theory of technological progress. I posit that universe-scale understandings are the necessary level of thoroughness required for theorizing complex technological or socio-political progress.

Using perspectives from different disciplines and the long-tail of history, helps deal with scale and complexity in a grounded way. Cosmologies exist as coherent models of the universe, bringing meaning to a complex world.

Defining Cosmology

Here’s some definitions of Cosmology in different contexts:

  • The New Oxford American Dictionary defines it as “an account/theory of the nature of the universe”

  • In Greek, “cosmeo” is “order”, and “logos” is “word” or “account” – an account of the ordered world

  • Wikipedia’s Cosmology page has sections on “Physical Cosmology” (scientific descriptions of cosmic origin), “Religious/Mythological Cosmology” and “Philosophical Cosmology”

Evidently, the notion of cosmology circumscribes understanding the world through multiple disciplines, spanning the gamut of:

  • The physical sciences, in how the universe formed and is composed of organic and inorganic matter

  • The nature of humanity and societies, with small group and individual dynamics as a microcosm thereof

  • The soft and hard technologies of linguistics, markets, the built environment, computer networks e.t.c., which encode structures of society

This multi-disciplinary nature of cosmological thinking should qualify any grand theory.

Different eras and peoples form cosmologies that describe the “grand theory” or ethos of their age. For example: hellenistic cosmology involved early democracy, a culture of debate, as well as pantheistic mythology; the later enlightenment cosmology encompassed heliocentric, empiricism, rationalism and capitalism. These two examples also point to how worldviews influence one another, as Hellenism informed the enlightenment through the Renaissance.

Cosmologies are suited to their time and place, consistent with understandings in that context; they then serve as the shoulders of giants on which new models of the world are built. Cosmologies are meaning making; people develop or adapt cosmologies in response to and as a way to shape their conditions.

Cosmological grand theories may/may not redefine the universe from the “ground up”, but they inevitably rely on assumptions about the nature of the universe or human society and how it is rightly ordered. Indeed, the strength of a grand theory is in how coherently it circumscribes multiple disciplines, how conscientiously it describes the past, and how accurately predicts the future.

Cosmological Theories of Progress

In any complex context with curious individuals, there’s a natural pull towards “grand theories of everything”. Let’s explore some grand theories of technological progress, and reflect on how cosmological thinking can strengthen them.

“Progress theory” came through contemplative voices in Silicon Valley theorizing the nature of technological progress. They chart 19th century, post-WW2 or early-internet organizations through the relationships and figures who birthed the space race or the modern tech industry – describing cycles of innovation and layers of the techno-industrial “stack”: from the roots of digital computation in the Industrial Revolution, through Turing-complete machines, distributed systems, networked computing and then to artificial intelligence, pointing towards a “singularity” of man-machine symbiosis and economic abundance.

This worldview ultimately follows the enlightenment. But one could argue that the psycho-social aspects of this theory are incomplete in that, for e.g. universal basic income is likely an insufficient solution to AI’s threat to human work and sense of meaning. The philosophical frame of humans recreating themselves in AI as an analogue to God creating humans in his own image, insists a greater ethical responsibility over this technology and implies empowerment in AI being an extension of our will – one which nonetheless has negative and positive implications, much like promethean fire.

In Nigeria’s tech and entrepreneurship context, the “grand theory” of progress focused on startups as a microcosm for social and technological innovation that could unlock lasting progress. The core assumptions were influenced by Silicon Valley, proffering technology services-based industry that’d allow a “leapfrogging” of traditional industrial development. This conviction was commonplace in the past decade, when well-funded companies in payments and logistics had notable impact in streamlining commerce, and Lagos’ startup scene attracted visits from the likes of Mark Zuckerberg.

This theory performed yet faltered — financial technology and services hasn’t quite weathered the stress of geopolitics, poor governance and a weakly industrialized economy. Along with these, narrow industrial development and poor social cohesion has formed a vicious cycle – the nation’s economy spirals, the citizen’s quality of life severely worsens, and corruption is ubiquitous – so people don’t trust existing systems, and are more focused on survival than earnest engagement and rebuilding. Clearly there’s a need for more structural solutions at both grand and granular scales.

Conclusion

A multi-disciplinary approach to Nigeria’s innovation challenge is the particular “grand theory” we seek to build at surulere.dev. We’re preaching and (eventually) practicing a cosmology that enables “world-building and repair” – creating new technology and industry as well as societal identity and cultural relationships, while working around deep problems.

Some key tenets of our developing theory are alternative outlooks to a capital-heavy technology industry, the inefficient representative democratic cycle, and un-grounded public education/orientation — all of which render a sense of lack of power or options in intervening in the world.

Our approaches include regenerative sustainability or permaculture, comparative anthropology, and integrative psychoanalysis, as promising solution spaces alongside information technology — respectively in: organizing people to leverage abundant organic resources, orienting distinct cultural identities around common humanity, and considering psychological archetypes to heal conflict and maximize generativity.

Combining these approaches resolves some potential pitfalls in a purely technological approach, using a multi-discplinary approach, with an ecological and historical basis that grounds these in reality.

Our next articles will focus more on examples of these approaches, and how they fit together to de-risk and provide structural solutions to progress in Nigeria.

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I enjoy studying African history and think it is important, because it gives us (more) examples of African societies functioning and prospering over a long time scale. Apart from the feel good or redemptive ethos of this, it also provides inspiring examples of how our societies can/might evolve

For example, international trade in Africa is fraught — for many reasons including language barriers, lack of infrastructure, poor borders and mis-implemented trade agreements. Thinking about West Africa specifically, I know that the mix of anglo- and francophone countries with differing government and financial systems has proven challenging. The ECOWAS organization has championed open borders and trade agreements, but many have arguably been underwhelming or mis-implemented.

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Considering the history of West Africa, we encounter a mishmash of states across the eastern and western fringes of the zones just south of the Sahara. These states or empires were often oriented around control of the trans Sahara trade routes. Further south, the forest and coastal zones served as sources of crucial goods like wood, game animals and salt. There were of course larger empires as well as smaller states and kingdoms, varying in degree of centralization, overlaps in culture and interactions, through trade as well as conflict.

These early states were incentivized to both cooperate and be in rivalry over control of these resources. These states were able to grow to significant sizes and many persisted over centuries — notably the Kanem-Bornu empire which existed in the Lake Chad region from about 800/1000AD to 1800AD. They developed sophisticated royal & legal systems, trade routes, agricultural techniques and academic institutions (galvanized in part by the advent of Arabic writing system and Islam). We generally have more info on north/easterner west African states on the saharan fringe because of their contact with and adoption of Arabic writing system

\"\"
The Kanem–Bornu Empire at its greatest medieval extent, with its core territories depicted in darker green (Source: Wikipedia)
\"\"
Map showing the main trans-Saharan caravan routes circa 1400. Also shown are the Ghana Empire (until the 13th century) and 13th – 15th century Mali Empire. Note the western route running from Djenné via Timbuktu to Sijilmassa. Present day Niger in yellow. (Source: Wikipedia)

So how can ancient African knowledge be applied to our future? The history is broad and deep, and we’ve only uncovered so much actual detail (usually the findings of European historians, paleontologists, anthropologists). But we definitely do know enough to ask more informed questions such that we can get answers like:

  • How have crops and animals been cultivated in the environment in a sustainable way?

  • How have key resources been traded, processed and used to build up societies?

  • How have societies developed individuals to be skilled contributors and leaders who unlock more progress?

  • How have opposed cultures formed symbiotic relationships, or what have they been in conflict over?

I acknowledge that African societies today are vastly different (larger for one thing) than they’ve been before. But there remains the persisting cultural/anthropological and geographic patterns we can learn from, in terms of how to better interact with each other and our environment.

I’ll close out with a few key qualifiers:

  • This effort must be done without an “essentialist” bent, of taking certain tropes and deeming them the whole story, as the truth of history remains complex beyond our grasp. Progress is more potent when collaborative, inclusive and positive-sum.

  • We must remain deeply inquisitive about our past/present/future, experiment and learn what information/skills can helps us move forward. Adapting historical knowledge might resemble an alchemical process, combining ancient creative processes with modern science and technology.

  • There is much obscuring our history but much opportunity remains to uncover and learn more. I believe there is an abundance of value in an approach towards future progress that’s deeply grounded in history.

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Introduction

The goal of this document is to inquire on the meanings of symbols, motifs and patterns in Yoruba, Igbo and other African artifacts. The hope is that such inquiry, especially when done at scale, expands on the corpus of African history, mythology and ancestral knowledge. This broader project involves anthropology, semiotics and mythopoetics, to an ideal eventual end of integrative psycho-social development.

This is inspired by the idea that such artifacts serve to document history, and are not merely decorative objects. Such history, myths and stories provide moral and psychological lessons for individuals and society, in a way that’s deeply connected to particular cultures. This is especially pertinent in Africa where access to ancient art and knowledge of related semiotics is sparse, and in a world where there are clear but neglected psycho-spiritual roots to the many political and social problems.

The methodology for this inquiry relies on some speculation – especially in advance of connecting with cultural elders or researchers on such semiotics – but substantiates claims and interpretations through comparative analysis. This looks like identifying common symbols across cultures, and considering the possible narrative context of these interpretations. Comparative analysis at scale, potentially using AI techniques, might serve to place and strengthen interpretation of the semiotic corpus, as well as validate speculative or other anecdotal data. An implicit desire here is to utilize the breadth of existing digitized excavations to hypothesize on African history, alongside/in advance of in-situ archeological inquiry.

Paths of Inquiry

To approach this inquiry, we investigate certain speculative, comparative and established semiotics. In such a broad project, we present these few concrete paths to look into:

  1. Symbolism possibly indicating numerics: weave patterns and other repetitive elements, shown on Yoruba artifacts with known ritual context (carved panels and Ifa divination boards)

  2. Narrative pictographic symbols and motifs: animal symbols like ouroboros/snake-eating-it’s-tail (symbolizing reincarnation/rebirth), birds/doves (symbolizing peace), alligators (symbolizing war or justice), and monkeys (symbolizing naive instinctual nature). These are also common on door panels and textiles

  3. Established translations of symbol systems and translations: Nsibidi has documented translations by early anthropologists, and talismanic tunics with Arabic (Ajami) script alongside symbols/motifs could also serve as “Rosetta stone”s

These paths are interrelated, and go from (respectively):

  1. Speculatively interpreting more abstract symbols, to

  2. Drawing narratives from pictographic symbols and motifs, based on comparative knowledge from other cultures, to

  3. Reflecting on existing translations of similar and closely (geographically) related symbol systems

Now let’s explore each of these paths, analyzing a set of artifacts and coming to informed conclusions about them.

Symbolism Indicating Numerics

Weave patterns show up prominently in Yoruba door panels and textiles, these would seem to refer to numerics based on counting the intersections. Additionally, various levels of detail exist that might indicate higher-order numbers, including inner lines/serrations in the weave which might be with- or against-the-grain. These numeric indicators adapt to context, representing things like numberings for verses used in Ifa divination, or potentially the passage of time in narrative pictographs.

Analysis

For the following images of artifacts, we attempt to determine what numbers the weave patterns represent by counting the row- and column-wise knots, which include variations such that they add up to odd or even numbers. This method of counting is shown in several examples in the images below, where we can ground/confirm the interpreted numbers based on the context of the artifacts.

The image below of “Carved planks and beams from Yoruba temples” from Leo Frobenius’ 1910 archeological expedition, shows a few different weave patterns in a (potentially ordered) sequence of panels. These might appear to symbolize a numeric/quantified passage of time in a narrative of royal succession driven by the pictorial symbols – more on the pictographs and the corresponding narrative in the next section Narratives and Associations of Pictographic Symbols

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Figure 1: Carved planks and beams from Yoruba temples. Source: Frobenius’ expedition to Nigeria, German Inner African Exploration Expedition in the years 1910-1912 https://archive.org/details/voiceofafricabei02frob/page/634/mode/2up . (annotated)

As another example of these numeric symbols, there are some instances of these showing up on Ifa divination boards, where such weaved patterns likely mark how the 16 major or 256 overall Odu Ifa scriptures may be interpreted. Without going into specific of interpreting this (which I am not qualified nor initiated to do), here’s 2 examples of boards that use this similar weave-based numeric symbolism

This other example shows an Ifa divination tray circa 2008, with 3 of these woven patterns which, when counted by knots, sums up to 16!

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Figure 2: Ikin Orossi game. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jogo_de_Ikin_Orossi.JPG. (annotated)

Another example Ifa divination tray circa 1912, from the same aforementioned Frobenius expedition, shows a number of these patterns. A rough count gets us to a number that’s about 256/2, where 256 is the total number of Odu Ifa verses - The count is rough because it’s not totally clear how to count all the sets of weaves, which are 16, excluding the 2 “polar” face representations flanked with weave patterns

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Figure 3: Ifa tray with “Mesi-period” string and dove donations, from a grave near Offa. Source: Frobenius’ expedition to Nigeria, German Inner African Exploration Expedition in the years 1910-1912 https://archive.org/details/voiceofafricabei02frob. (annotated)

Conclusion

There seems to be some strong link between the woven patterns and numerics, basing this upon the known numerics used in Ifa divination. Additionally we may speculate on what purpose such numeric representations serve in the pictographic door panels, likely representing the passage of time – This could be corroborated by aligning the narratives representing oral histories, which the next section focuses on, and comparatively analyzing with visually similar systems like Lusona.

Narratives and Associations of Pictographic Symbols

Narrative pictographs are present on much Yoruba, Benin and Igbo art, in the form of carvings on sculptures, panels, and many other practical and ritual instruments – the Benin plaques are a notorious example of such, representing the lineage of Ogisos and Obas in alignment with oral history. The motifs of such pictographs have many commonalities and can be generally assumed to have some narrative structure. Expanding on prior knowledge, and interpreting such narratives at scale, is a compelling direct path towards expanded “literal” corpus of African history. This is especially compelling considering the speculation on numeric symbols and such representations, which could bolster oral histories with precise or detailed information like the relative timing of events or quantities of people or things.

Analysis

There is a dedicated article that does a detailed narrative analysis of “Figure 1: Carved planks and beams from Yoruba temples” here

Conclusion

As shown in the above article, an initial speculative interpretation yields coherent and promising narrative understandings that’s fairly detailed. Expanding this to a larger corpus of carved panels — specifically authentic panels from archaic periods, such as this one — is likely to uncover much more narrative detail. In fact, such detailed interpretations could serve as “training data” for automated analysis. Additionally, corroborating such analysis with oral tradition provides good grounding for any speculation – further still, comparative cross-cultural analysis of symbolic and mythology forms might reveal more dimensions to our interrelated histories, mythopoetics and cultural psyches.

Established Translations of Symbol Systems

Modern writing systems often have ancestry in earlier pictographic symbol systems. These knowledge systems come about in organized societal processes, and the move from pictorial to abstract is considered to be due to standardization and broadening literacy. African symbol systems exist across this spectrum, which might reflect either the relative development of organized knowledge/literature systems, or the modern connection to or awareness of potential lost systems. It is worthwhile to speculate/investigate the latter, given the relative archeological under-excavation in Africa and the “dark ages” exemplified by the slave trade – a period which, like Europe’s dark ages, represented a stagnation/regression in knowledge (perhaps outside of monasteries).

Moving on from the speculative approach of the previous sections, this section will highlight established ancient symbol systems in Africa, the most notable and well documented of these being Nsibidi. This system of symbols is dated broadly between the 5th and 15th centuries (notably aligning with the dating around Igbo-Ukwu art from the 9th century). In terms of the purpose of the system, it served as general knowledge including in schools, but also included sacred symbols that are kept secret. The nature of the symbols is mostly abstract and represent certain entities, and are combined together for more meaning - referring to everything from human relationships and court proceedings to architecture and household objects

Analysis

This analysis will summarize a particular reference on Nsibidi symbols and meanings, from the chapter “Further Notes on Nsibidi Signs with their Meanings from the Ikom District, Southern Nigeria” in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XLI, 1911. Pages 521-540, which is fully available online here: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537265/page/n683/mode/1up.

Here’s some key observations about these symbols based on this account of attaining their interpretations:

  1. These meanings existed, as at the early 20th century, heavily among local elders or initiates of secret societies who are usually men.

  2. The visual language is accompanied by a means of bodily communication with subtle movements, perhaps for the sake of secrecy among initiates (see page 523)

  3. The symbols also exist in art, bodily tattoos notably, though maybe not with known meanings by the wider public (see page 522)

  4. There are regional collections of symbols, shown by the archeologist visiting various locals (see page 522)

  5. The symbols vary in representation but are often similar or interrelated, including many abstract forms and some more apparently pictographic. (see page 523)

  6. The symbols serve a narrative purpose that is closely related to the mythology of Igbo culture

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Figure 4: Chapter introduction to “Further Notes on Nsibidi Signs with their Meanings from the Ikom District, Southern Nigeria”. Source: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537265/page/n683/mode/1up

Conclusion

Nsibidi as a system of symbols presents many of the characteristics identified above in terms of abstract and pictorial forms, narrative structure, and the socialization of knowledge about them. In terms of societal knowledge, in recent times it appears more closed off from the general populace which doesn’t seem to have always been the case through its long history. This report from Elphinstone Dayrell on the meanings is a crucial resource, alongside knowledge that remains among elders, experts, as well as that which can be gleaned from excavated artifacts. Here again, large-scale comparative analysis and categorization of such symbols and how they are used may serve to extend the corpus of myths and practices they present, as well as inform other ways of individual and collective societal development today.

Epilogue

In the spirit of narrative writing, this sequence of inquiries into a set of African symbolic systems serves to inspire more such research. Specifically, the hopeful follow-on work and outcomes of such work are:

  1. Collation of photographs of various artifacts that display such symbolic forms, with context on their origin and purpose

  2. Large-scale comparative analysis of the symbolic forms displayed on such artifacts, given the necessary context, leading to more or corroborated histories, narratives and myths from African culture. This corroboration adding another level of detail to oral traditions

  3. Synthesis of relevant themes in African mythology and history aimed to address relevant problems today. Some imagined examples might include narratives speaking to youth issues, land management, trade and production, justice and moral codes e.t.c.

Altogether, this inquiry presents promising paths forward in research on African history, anthropology and psychology, hopefully leading to concrete recommendations or programs towards more holistic development – representing a Sankofa “looking back” at our past, the sparking of a renaissance, and a new light to shed away Africa’s “dark age” of the past few centuries.

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Introduction

In recognition of abundant forms of Yoruba Art, specific instances of carved planks and door panels offer common symbolic and pictographic representations. These representations are reminiscent of hieroglyphics in their visual forms

Companion article:

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Caption: Carved planks and beams from Yoruba temples

Description: 9 Yoruba door panels Each with pictorial figures and repeating patterns in a column

Source:

The voice of Africa; being an account of the travels of the German Inner African Exploration Expedition in the years 1910-1912 by Frobenius, Leo, 1873-1938; Russell E. Train Africana Collection (Smithsonian Libraries) DSI. Publication date 1913. Contributor Smithsonian Libraries. Via Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/voiceofafricabei02frob/page/634/mode/2up

Hypothesis

These can be translated into stories and historic re-tellings. We may attempt to physically describe these panels and translate them into narrative interpretations, likely in the form of genealogical description of a series of leaders and their characteristics, as well events and the surrounding conditions.

These panels often have common patterns of motifs that are of note, and anchor our attempt at interpreting them:

  • The inter-woven patterns, which I speculate represent a passage of time/years, anthropomorphic figures. These patterns are used to border and segment the sections of pictographs. The weaves themselves vary in their number of interleaving as well as the internal with/against-the grain striations that might speak to periods of months vs years respectively (seems to be the case, given the context these are used in).

  • The “snake eating its tail” a.k.a “Ouroborous” motif (widely considered to represent reincarnation/rebirth [1]), varying border styles with patterns therein, and patterned backgrounds to the pictographs themselves.

  • The human pictographs, often representing members of royalty or priestly figures. Similar with/against the grain striations might represent the relative age of these figures.

Analysis and Interpretation

Here’s my attempt at describing and interpreting the collection of beams, panels by panel (with the assumption that they are an ordered narrative sequence):

Symbolic Analysis by Panel

This Instagram post provides a visual summary of this detailed analysis. See a preview of 4 of the 9-panels:

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1st Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: The top ⅓rd of the entire panel has 3 columns where the first and last take up ¼ with interweaved pattern borders, and the middle ½ is a pictorial figure of 4 figures with two smaller human figures with legs bent up and over/behind as if “kneeling” (a repeating motif of some figures); the next ⅓ with a downward snake-eating-its-tail (ouroborous); and the bottom ⅓ has another “crowned” human figure standing with a short staff in left hand and a long staff with an interlaced pattern in right hand

Interpretation: The position of these figures between an “ouroborus” might signify a leader being born of two parents, who might now be considered subjects given their “kneeling”

Middle ⅓rd

Description: The middle ⅓ is an interweave pattern grid of 4-by-5, with a serrated/perpendicular pattern against the weave itself (as opposed to the ribbon/parallel pattern inside the interweaved pattern in the top ⅓)

Interpretation: As I hypothesized above, this might represent 20 years of time passing; similarly the left and right-most columns in the top ⅓rd described above might represent the period of time between the parents and the leader born of them.

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: The bottom ⅓ has another pair of human figures arranged vertically with a snake in a “C” pattern between them, the top figure kneeling and the bottom figure with short staffs in both hands, and on the right of both figures (left from the figures’ perspective) there’s same the long right interlaced ribbon staff growing upwards toward the top of the frame (aligning with the left-hand interweaved staff of the figure in the top ⅓). The borders of the bottom ⅓ are wide on three sides except the top, taking up about ⅓ of the frame with a 3 ribbon/perpendicular pattern inside the interweaving diamond pattern

Interpretation: Similar to the above, this might represent another succession between kings,with the partial/“C” ouroboros snake meaning more like a brother/uncle/horizontal succession than a parental one

2nd Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top and bottom ⅓ rds are of interweaved patterns 3-by-5 and 3-by-6 where the inner downwards lace is patterned against the ribbon while the rest are with the ribbon –

Interpretation: Symbolizing some passage of time, on the order of 15 and 18 years before and after the reign. The nature of the ribbons’s internal pattern (with or against the grain) might generally indicate the nature of that time period

Middle ⅓rd

Description: The middle second is of a standing king figure in his right hand and spear in left hand, a stool/throne appears in the background on his right hand side

Interpretation: This might be of a warrior king who is engaged in combat at a distance from usual sitting-on-the-throne

Bottom ⅓rd

(See first section)

3rd Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Has a bit more blank space at the top, but also interweaving patterns, more diamond-linked than the previous panel, of 4-by-4 each on the top and bottom ⅓ rds.

Middle ⅓rd

Description: In the middle is a standing figure of sorts with a satchel between two pairs of stalks joined at the top – potentially a hunter/farmer in the middle of the bush

Interpretation: This appears to be of a hunter/farmer or ruler more devoted towards cultivation of land and inner resources, with 20 years before and after his reign, a diamond pattern and with-the-grain bands (4 and 3 on each)

Bottom ⅓rd

(See first section)

4th Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top ⅓ rd is a king figure with a spear in right and sward in left, with a snake/catfish in a “U” shape, bordered on top, left and right with narrow interleaving of diamond, in-the grain 3-bands, the top bar being interlocking, and left and right being 2-by-7 on each side.

Interpretation: a king who succeeded himself perhaps after some interregnum, a common pattern in royal succession

Middle ⅓rd

Description: Middle ⅓ rd is more interleaving, all against the grain and more round than diamond 4-by-3

Interpretation: 12 years (or otherwise time period), the grain representing either the quantity (months or years) or nature (climate, peace) of the time period

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: Bottom ⅓ rd has what appears to be a monkey with an upside down axe (symbol of war associated with Sango), atop a kneeling king. This is bordered by left and right interweaving patterns of 2-by-7 each.

Interpretation: a king led by a misinformed or “animalistic” bias towards war or aggression

5th Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top ⅓ rd is a king figure kneeling, and in the background a trumpeter blowing on his right hand side, and a 3-by-3 weaved pattern against-the-grain on his left. In the midground along the king is a square Ifa divination board, and a 5-by-1 pattern at his knees. In the foreground is a naked Ifa priest casting divination on a circular board, and ahead of that two circular plates with 17 and 15 beads in each, and a stick/cylinder (likely Opon Ifa) in between.

Interpretation: a king inquiring of Ifa with the Ifa priest or Babalawo interceding. The trumpeter likely showing the importance of this particular inquiry in announcing the kings presence, the patterns maybe representing the relative timing and nature of the period, and finally the plates with beads representing the outcome of the divination

Middle ⅓rd

Description: This middle third is a spiral pattern with 8 layers, where the innermost juts out to the right side of the image. This spiral has diamond notches within it at regular intervals

Interpretation: spirals might also represent some state of either growth or decline, and the jutting out the the right might represent a positive outcome

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: Bottom ⅓ rd appears to be the same king, kneeling again, with a subject/trumpeter to his left hand side with their back to the king

Interpretation: This isn’t abundantly clear in this context, but perhaps suggests continued devotion or humility from the king, even in the presence of subjects

6th Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top ⅓ rd is a 4-by-6 weaved pattern with the grain, and another 6-by-1 pattern against the grain beneath it

Interpretation: This might represent two periods in the passage of time, from 24 months/years of a certain nature to 6 years/months of another nature

Middle ⅓rd

Description: Middle ⅓ rd consists of twin panels, bordered at the top and bottom a snake/ribbon figure interleaved 6 ½ times (with the right side open, likely a snake's head/tail). The top panel has a kneeling king in the center with a possible queen/subject figure on his right hand side, and on the left hand side is a baby/child figure with a Sango axe atop them. The bottom panel is similar except the kings striations go from against the grain to with the grain (on his crown and legs), and the child and axe figure is now a crocodile.

Interpretation: This might represent a king raising his child in a strict war-like manner, wherein the child grows to become a crocodile figure which might represent war or justice.

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: Bottom ⅓ rd is a mirror of the top ⅓ rd, except with a 6-by-7 with the pattern

7th Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top ⅓ rd shows another similar motif to the 2nd panel, of a king further from his throne with sword and spear in arm, signifying a war like nature. The very top of this is a 3-by-6 with-the-grain-serrated weave

Interpretation: Similar to the 2nd panel, represents a king in wartime, further from the throne. This appears to have happened after some 6 year interregnum, perhaps from the start of the king’s reign.

Middle ⅓rd

Description: Middle ⅓ rd has three patterns in vertical order, first a set of 4-legged animals (cows, horses or camels), second a snake/fish like figure in an n-shape going left to right, third is a 3-by-1 against the grain pattern

Interpretation: This could represent a time period of prosperity given animals representing wealth, almost occurring in a 3 month cycle such as with the change of seasons

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: Bottom ⅓ rd is similar to the top, perhaps of the same king in a different season, now holding a scepter of sorts in his right hand and a staff in his left. The very bottom of this is another 3-by-6 with-the-grain-serrated weave

Interpretation: This could represent the king in peacetime, reigning with regal symbols, likely reflecting the prosperity of the previous ⅓ rd of the panel

8th Panel

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Description: The entire panel is one with-the-grain weave of 2-by-16 + 3 = 35. The + 3 comes from the extra notch on the top weave

Interpretation: Based on how we’ve interpreted other such weave patterns, this might signify the passage of 35 years

9th Panel

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Top ⅓rd

Description: Top ⅓ rd shows a 3-by-5 weave pattern with with-the-grain serrations

Interpretation: This, according to how we’re interpreting these, signifies 15 years of time passed

Middle ⅓rd

Description: Middle ⅓ rd shows a similar king to the 8th panel, somewhere in between both king figures, holding a scepter in the right hand and a spear in the left

Interpretation: This could represent a king straddling both war and peace-time roles

Bottom ⅓rd

Description: Bottom ⅓ rd is a mirror of the top, showing a 3-by-5 weave pattern with with-the-grain serrations

Interpretation: Again, according to how we’re interpreting these, this signifies 15 years of time passed

Narrative Arc by Panel

Going off this in-depth narrative analysis, here’s a general summary on this basis (summarized with the help of AI tools):

1st Panel: The Origin of Lineage

  • Theme: Mythic birth and succession.

  • A central leader is \"born\" between two kneeling figures (possibly parents), symbolized with the ouroboros (cyclical time or divine origin).

  • The panel anchors the concept of time via woven patterns, introducing structured temporal symbolism (like “20 years”).

  • Bottom section suggests succession from another family member—hinting at multiple branches of royal inheritance.

2nd Panel: Ascendancy of a Warrior King

  • Theme: Assertion of kingship and military authority.

  • Woven patterns again suggest time passed before/after reign.

  • Central figure is a warrior king, standing and armed, suggesting a ruler engaged with external affairs rather than throne-centered rule.

3rd Panel: A Cultivator King

  • Theme: Resource stewardship and inner development.

  • A figure stands between stalks and tools, representing farming/hunting—a ruler emphasizing land, sustenance, or cultural growth.

  • Framing patterns maintain the cyclical “20-year” temporal structure.

4th Panel: Disrupted Kingship and Instinctual Rule

  • Theme: Interruption, restoration, and flawed governance.

  • A king reclaims his role after an interregnum (suggested by the U-shaped snake).

  • Bottom image of a monkey and war symbol implies an unwise ruler driven by baser instincts, bringing possible instability or violent rule.

5th Panel: The Turn to Divination

  • Theme: Spiritual inquiry and transformative guidance.

  • A kneeling king consults an Ifa priest, with divination symbols abundant—plates, beads, and Opon Ifa.

  • Spiral motif suggests positive cyclical growth or breakthrough from divine consultation.

  • Humility is emphasized—perhaps a king learning from missteps of previous rule.

6th Panel: Intergenerational Transmission

  • Theme: Raising a warrior heir.

  • Time and transformation are clear: a child is introduced with a Sango axe (symbol of thunder/justice/war), later becoming a crocodile—a powerful, possibly dangerous figure.

  • This panel centers parenting, legacy, and metamorphosis.

7th Panel: War to Peace

  • Theme: Seasonal duality in leadership.

  • Depicts the same king at two stages—first as a warrior, then holding regal symbols.

  • Middle panel with animals and cyclical patterns suggests shifting fortune or prosperity, potentially reflecting harvest seasons or alternating peace and war cycles.

8th Panel: Silent Passage of Time

  • Theme: Interlude, long reign, or generational gap.

  • No figures, only a 35-unit woven pattern—could represent a long, stable reign, interregnum, or ancestral reverence.

  • Suggests continuity without conflict, or sacred silence in the lineage.

9th Panel: The Balanced King

  • Theme: Synthesis of roles.

  • A king holding both spear and scepter bridges earlier war-peace dichotomies.

  • Mirrored time patterns imply equilibrium—15 years before and after.

  • Could signify a mature ruler embodying wisdom of past reigns, or beginning another cycle.

In summary, this nine-panel sequence tells a powerful story of kingship, time, and transformation. It begins with a divine birth and cyclical succession, symbolized by kneeling ancestors and the ouroboros. We follow a warrior king, a cultivator of land, a flawed ruler driven by instinct, and a humbled leader who turns to Ifa divination for guidance. A child is raised in the shadow of war and transforms into a symbol of justice. Across generations, we witness shifts from conflict to peace, seasons of prosperity, and the quiet passage of time. The final king embodies balance—bridging war and peace—completing a sacred cycle of leadership, legacy, and divine continuity.

Crucially, this maps roughly onto the sequence of early Ife rulers:

  • Obatala and Odùduwà: the contested divine origin and birth of kingship;

  • Ogun: the warrior figure in exile and challenge;

  • Ọbalùfọ̀n Ògbógbódirin (Osangangan Obamakin): the long-reigning cultivator and consolidator of sacred kingship;

  • A flawed interregnum like Lajuwa: symbolized by the monkey-led king;

  • Ọbalùfọ̀n Aláyémọrẹ: the king who seeks divine guidance and spiritual grounding;

  • Ọ̀raǹmíyaǹ and his descendants: the child raised in war and transformed into a leader;

  • Later kings like Lájẹ̀misìn and Lárọ́ọ̀ká: reflecting balance, longevity, and the return to sacred order.

Conclusion

It is apparent how meaning can be derived from panels that might otherwise be viewed as solely decorative, even from an amateur interpretation.

This interpretation engages in African and Yoruba philosophy, seeking practical lessons that are steeped in material reality like art. This art serves not merely to decorate but also to record history and events, in pictographic and abstract forms. This bridges an analytic approach shared by semioticians of other well known art such as Egyptian hieroglyphics and Benin plaques.

A compelling path forward would be to analyze and interpret a large corpus of these, and do comparative analysis of the symbols and narratives that are presented, filling the ostensible gaps in African history from the lack of “written” language.

References:

  1. Ouroboros - Wikipedia – An example of a common cross-cultural symbol that appears in Yoruba art

  2. More archaic examples of Yoruba door panels from Frobenius’ expedition to Nigeria, German Inner African Exploration Expedition in the years 1910-1912 https://archive.org/details/voiceofafricabei02frob.

  3. More recent examples of Yoruba door panels: Palace or shrine door panel from the Yoruba people of Nigeria | Wood, dull brown patina | By Olowe of Ise or his workshop. (Olowe of Ise, born in Efon Alaye, Southern Ekiti, is widely regarded both by the Yoruba of Ekiti and by Western students as the greatest Yoruba carver of the 20th century.) Auctionhouse Zemanek-Münster

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So the raw upstream data is fetched from + a developer machine (`npm run fetch-content`), committed under data/, and + parsed at build time here instead of over the network. + + Server-only: this module touches the filesystem and must never be reachable + from a client bundle. +*/ +import fs from "node:fs"; +import path from "node:path"; + +import { log } from "./log"; + +export const snapshotDir = path.join(process.cwd(), "data"); + +export const notionSnapshotFile = "notion.json"; +export const substackSnapshotFile = "substack.json"; + +export interface NotionSnapshot { + fetchedAt: string; + rootNotionPageId: string; + rootNotionSpaceId: string | null; + /** pageId (dashed uuid) -> raw ExtendedRecordMap as returned by notion-client */ + pages: Record; +} + +export interface SubstackSnapshot { + fetchedAt: string; + handle: string; + /** raw post objects exactly as returned by substack's /api/v1/posts */ + posts: any[]; +} + +/** + * - "auto" (default): use the snapshot when present, otherwise fetch live. + * - "snapshot": use the snapshot only, and fail the build if it is missing. + * CI sets this so a missing snapshot is loud instead of silently shipping an + * empty site. + * - "live": ignore the snapshot entirely. + */ +export type ContentSource = "auto" | "snapshot" | "live"; + +export const contentSource: ContentSource = + (process.env.CONTENT_SOURCE as ContentSource) || "auto"; + +const cache = new Map(); + +function snapshotPath(fileName: string): string { + return path.join(snapshotDir, fileName); +} + +/** + * Reads a snapshot file, or returns null when it is unavailable and the current + * content source allows falling back to a live fetch. + */ +export function readSnapshot(fileName: string): T | null { + if (contentSource === "live") return null; + + if (cache.has(fileName)) return cache.get(fileName) as T; + + const filePath = snapshotPath(fileName); + + if (!fs.existsSync(filePath)) { + if (contentSource === "snapshot") { + throw new Error( + `Missing content snapshot "${filePath}". Run \`npm run fetch-content\` ` + + `locally and commit data/, or build with CONTENT_SOURCE=live.` + ); + } + + log("DEBUG", `[snapshot] ${fileName} not found, falling back to live fetch`); + cache.set(fileName, null); + return null; + } + + const parsed = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8")) as T; + cache.set(fileName, parsed); + + log("DEBUG", `[snapshot] loaded ${fileName}`); + return parsed; +} + +export function readNotionSnapshot(): NotionSnapshot | null { + return readSnapshot(notionSnapshotFile); +} + +export function readSubstackSnapshot(): SubstackSnapshot | null { + return readSnapshot(substackSnapshotFile); +} + +export function writeSnapshot(fileName: string, data: unknown): string { + fs.mkdirSync(snapshotDir, { recursive: true }); + + const filePath = snapshotPath(fileName); + fs.writeFileSync(filePath, JSON.stringify(data, null, 2) + "\n"); + cache.delete(fileName); + + return filePath; +} diff --git a/lib/get-layout-props.ts b/lib/get-layout-props.ts index 603120d..9685564 100644 --- a/lib/get-layout-props.ts +++ b/lib/get-layout-props.ts @@ -1,9 +1,11 @@ +import { getBlockValue } from "notion-utils"; + import { parsePageId } from "components/LayoutDefault"; import { getComponents } from "components/NotionComponents"; export function getLayoutProps({ site, recordMap, pageId }) { const keys = Object.keys(recordMap?.block || {}); - const block = recordMap?.block?.[pageId || keys[0]]?.value; + const block = getBlockValue(recordMap?.block?.[pageId || keys[0]]); const isRootPage = parsePageId(block?.id) === parsePageId(site?.rootNotionPageId); // || diff --git a/lib/get-site-map.ts b/lib/get-site-map.ts index 414f83d..95a664b 100644 --- a/lib/get-site-map.ts +++ b/lib/get-site-map.ts @@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { getAllPagesInSpace, uuidToId } from "notion-utils"; import { includeNotionIdInUrls } from "./config"; import { notion } from "./notion-api"; +import { readNotionSnapshot } from "./content-snapshot"; import { getCanonicalPageId } from "./get-canonical-page-id"; import * as config from "./config"; import * as types from "./types"; @@ -29,31 +30,62 @@ const getAllPages = config.usePMemo }) : getAllPagesImpl; -async function getAllPagesImpl( +/** + * Walks every page reachable from the root page and returns their recordMaps. + * + * This hits Notion directly, so it only runs on a developer machine — see + * scripts/fetch-content.ts. Builds read the committed snapshot instead. + */ +export async function crawlNotionSpace( rootNotionPageId: string, - rootNotionSpaceId: string -): Promise> { + rootNotionSpaceId: string | null +): Promise { const getPage = async (pageId: string, ...args) => { try { log("DEBUG", "\nnotion.getPage", uuidToId(pageId)); - return notion.getPage(pageId, ...args); + return await notion.getPage(pageId, ...args); } catch (e) { log("ERROR", "\ncaught error on notion.getPage", e); log("DEBUG", "\n...skipping page", pageId); } }; - const pageMap = await getAllPagesInSpace( - rootNotionPageId, - rootNotionSpaceId, - getPage - ); + return getAllPagesInSpace(rootNotionPageId, rootNotionSpaceId, getPage, { + concurrency: 2, + }); +} + +async function getPageMap( + rootNotionPageId: string, + rootNotionSpaceId: string +): Promise { + const snapshot = readNotionSnapshot(); + + if (snapshot?.pages) { + log( + "INFO", + `[snapshot] site map from ${ + Object.keys(snapshot.pages).length + } pages (fetched ${snapshot.fetchedAt})` + ); + return snapshot.pages; + } + + return crawlNotionSpace(rootNotionPageId, rootNotionSpaceId); +} + +async function getAllPagesImpl( + rootNotionPageId: string, + rootNotionSpaceId: string +): Promise> { + const pageMap = await getPageMap(rootNotionPageId, rootNotionSpaceId); const canonicalPageMap = Object.keys(pageMap).reduce( (map, pageId: string) => { const recordMap = pageMap[pageId]; if (!recordMap) { - throw new Error(`Error loading page "${pageId}"`); + console.warn(`Skipping page "${pageId}" — failed to load`); + return map; } const canonicalPageId = getCanonicalPageId(pageId, recordMap, { diff --git a/lib/get-site-posts.ts b/lib/get-site-posts.ts index 2789a1d..1bed115 100644 --- a/lib/get-site-posts.ts +++ b/lib/get-site-posts.ts @@ -1,46 +1,44 @@ /* - - getSitePosts parses recordMap + - getSitePosts parses recordMap */ -import { getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; +import { getBlockValue, getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; import { Block, Collection, - CollectionMap, CollectionView, - CollectionViewMap, CollectionQueryResult, - BlockMap, ExtendedRecordMap, - Role, } from "notion-types"; import { getCanonicalPageId } from "./get-canonical-page-id"; import { log } from "./log"; +/** + * recordMap entries arrive in one of two shapes depending on the api/v3 + * response version: `{ role, value: T }` or `{ spaceId, value: { role, value: T } }`. + * getBlockValue unwraps either — despite the name it works for collections and + * collection views too, since it just recurses through `.value` until it finds + * an object with an `id`. + */ +function recordValue(entry: unknown): T { + return getBlockValue(entry as any) as unknown as T; +} + const POSTS_COLLECTION_TITLE = "Posts"; export function getSitePosts(args: { recordMap: ExtendedRecordMap; }): Array { const { recordMap } = args; - log("DEBUG", ">>> getSitePosts 0", { - recordMap, - blocks: Object.values(recordMap.block).map((i) => { - const v: Block = i?.value; - return v ? { props: v.properties, type: v.type } : null; - }), - }); - /* Get "Posts" collection, get page blocks of articles to render */ - const collection: Collection = ( - Object.values(recordMap.collection)[0] as CollectionMap[string] - )?.value, - collectionView: CollectionView = ( - Object.values(recordMap.collection_view)[0] as CollectionViewMap[string] - )?.value, - // _ = log("DEBUG", {collection, collectionView, query: Object.keys(recordMap)}), + const collection = recordValue( + Object.values(recordMap.collection)[0] + ), + collectionView = recordValue( + Object.values(recordMap.collection_view)[0] + ), collectionQueryResult: CollectionQueryResult = recordMap.collection_query[collection?.id]?.[collectionView?.id]; if (!collection) return []; @@ -49,22 +47,41 @@ export function getSitePosts(args: { collectionTitle = collection.name?.[0]?.[0], collectionSchema = collection.schema; - if (!collectionId || collectionTitle !== POSTS_COLLECTION_TITLE) return []; + if (!collectionId || collectionTitle !== POSTS_COLLECTION_TITLE) { + log("DEBUG", ">>> getSitePosts: no Posts collection", { + collectionId, + collectionTitle, + }); + return []; + } /* - Get blocks for pages in "Posts" collection via query + Get blocks for pages in "Posts" collection via query, page_sort, and parent_id */ - const pageIdsMatchingQuery = + const postPageIds = new Set(); + + // Source 1: collection_query results + const queryBlockIds = collectionQueryResult?.collection_group_results?.blockIds || []; + queryBlockIds.forEach((id: string) => postPageIds.add(id)); + + // Source 2: page_sort from collection views belonging to this collection + Object.values(recordMap.collection_view).forEach((entry) => { + const view = recordValue(entry); + if ( + (view as any)?.format?.collection_pointer?.id === collectionId && + (view as any)?.page_sort + ) { + (view as any).page_sort.forEach((id: string) => postPageIds.add(id)); + } + }); const postBlocks = Object.values(recordMap.block) - .filter((block: { role: Role; value: Block }) => { - return ( - block.value?.parent_id === collectionId || - pageIdsMatchingQuery.includes(block.value?.id) - ); - }) - .map((b: BlockMap[string]) => b.value); + .map((entry) => recordValue(entry)) + .filter( + (block) => + block?.parent_id === collectionId || postPageIds.has(block?.id) + ); /* Construct posts pointer including { id, slug, title, [properties]... } @@ -73,18 +90,24 @@ export function getSitePosts(args: { id: p?.id, slug: getCanonicalPageId(p?.id, recordMap), title: p?.properties?.title, - ...Object.keys(p?.properties)?.reduce( - (acc, propId) => ({ + ...Object.keys(p?.properties || {}).reduce((acc, propId) => { + const schemaProp = collectionSchema[propId]; + if (!schemaProp) return acc; + return { ...acc, - [collectionSchema[propId].name?.toLowerCase()?.replace(/\s/g, "_")]: - getPageProperty(collectionSchema[propId].name, p, recordMap), - }), - {} - ), + [schemaProp.name?.toLowerCase()?.replace(/\s/g, "_")]: getPageProperty( + schemaProp.name, + p, + recordMap + ), + }; + }, {}), })); - log("DEBUG", ">>> getSitePosts 2", { - posts, + log("DEBUG", ">>> getSitePosts", { + posts: posts.length, + postBlocks: postBlocks.length, + queryBlockIds: queryBlockIds.length, }); return posts; diff --git a/lib/get-substack-essays.ts b/lib/get-substack-essays.ts index 0bb20bf..defe474 100644 --- a/lib/get-substack-essays.ts +++ b/lib/get-substack-essays.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { log } from "./log"; +import { readSubstackSnapshot } from "./content-snapshot"; export interface SubstackEssay { id: string; @@ -13,16 +13,18 @@ export interface SubstackEssay { const defaultAuthor = "Korede Aderele"; /** - * Fetches published essays from a Substack publication - * Uses the public Substack API + * Fetches the raw post objects from a Substack publication's public API. + * + * Substack sits behind Cloudflare and rejects CI runners, so this is meant to + * run from a developer machine via `npm run fetch-content`. Builds read the + * committed snapshot instead — see lib/content-snapshot.ts. */ -export async function getSubstackEssays( +export async function fetchSubstackPosts( substackHandle: string, limit: number = 10, apiKey?: string -): Promise { +): Promise { try { - // Substack's public API endpoint const apiUrl = `https://${substackHandle}.substack.com/api/v1/posts?limit=${limit}`; const headers: Record = { @@ -38,39 +40,80 @@ export async function getSubstackEssays( if (!response.ok) { const body = await response.text(); - console.error(`[substack] fetch failed: ${response.status}`, body.slice(0, 200)); + console.error( + `[substack] fetch failed: ${response.status}`, + body.slice(0, 200) + ); return []; } const data = await response.json(); if (!Array.isArray(data)) { - console.error(`[substack] unexpected response shape`, JSON.stringify(data).slice(0, 200)); + console.error( + `[substack] unexpected response shape`, + JSON.stringify(data).slice(0, 200) + ); return []; } - // Extract essays from the Substack API response. - // The public endpoint already filters to published posts; avoid strict - // is_published === true which drops posts where the field is absent. - const essays = data - .filter((post: any) => post.is_published !== false) - .map((post: any) => ({ - id: String(post.id), - title: post.title || "", - description: - post.subtitle || post.body_preview?.substring(0, 150) || "", - url: - post.canonical_url || - `https://${substackHandle}.substack.com/p/${post.slug}`, - published: new Date(post.post_date).getTime(), - author: (post.author && post.author.name) || defaultAuthor, - image: post.cover_image || undefined, - })) as SubstackEssay[]; - - console.error(`[substack] fetched ${essays.length} essays from ${substackHandle}`); - return essays; + return data; } catch (err) { console.error(`[substack] fetch threw`, err); return []; } } + +/** + * Maps raw Substack API posts onto the shape the site renders. + */ +export function parseSubstackPosts( + posts: any[], + substackHandle: string +): SubstackEssay[] { + // The public endpoint already filters to published posts; avoid a strict + // is_published === true which drops posts where the field is absent. + return posts + .filter((post: any) => post.is_published !== false) + .map((post: any) => ({ + id: String(post.id), + title: post.title || "", + description: post.subtitle || post.body_preview?.substring(0, 150) || "", + url: + post.canonical_url || + `https://${substackHandle}.substack.com/p/${post.slug}`, + published: new Date(post.post_date).getTime(), + author: (post.author && post.author.name) || defaultAuthor, + image: post.cover_image || undefined, + })); +} + +/** + * Returns the essays to render, preferring the committed snapshot and falling + * back to a live fetch when there isn't one. + */ +export async function getSubstackEssays( + substackHandle: string, + limit: number = 10, + apiKey?: string +): Promise { + const snapshot = readSubstackSnapshot(); + + if (snapshot?.posts) { + const essays = parseSubstackPosts(snapshot.posts, snapshot.handle).slice( + 0, + limit + ); + + console.log( + `[substack] ${essays.length} essays from snapshot (fetched ${snapshot.fetchedAt})` + ); + return essays; + } + + const posts = await fetchSubstackPosts(substackHandle, limit, apiKey); + const essays = parseSubstackPosts(posts, substackHandle); + + console.log(`[substack] fetched ${essays.length} essays from ${substackHandle}`); + return essays; +} diff --git a/lib/map-image-url.ts b/lib/map-image-url.ts index 0db940d..0e3fa00 100644 --- a/lib/map-image-url.ts +++ b/lib/map-image-url.ts @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ import { Block } from "notion-types"; -import { defaultMapImageUrl } from "react-notion-x"; +import { defaultMapImageUrl } from "notion-utils"; import { defaultPageIcon, defaultPageCover } from "./config"; diff --git a/lib/notion-api.ts b/lib/notion-api.ts index 11f0659..1c2cac6 100644 --- a/lib/notion-api.ts +++ b/lib/notion-api.ts @@ -1,5 +1,38 @@ import { NotionAPI } from "notion-client"; +/** + * Notion's private api/v3 sits behind Cloudflare, which answers requests that + * don't look like they came from a browser with a 403 HTML challenge page. + * Sending browser-ish headers is enough to get through. + */ +export const notionBrowserHeaders: Record = { + "user-agent": + "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 " + + "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36", + accept: "*/*", + origin: "https://www.notion.so", + referer: "https://www.notion.so/", +}; + +const maxRetries = 3; + export const notion = new NotionAPI({ apiBaseUrl: process.env.NOTION_API_BASE_URL, + // notion-client sends this as the browser's `token_v2` cookie. It is NOT the + // `ntn_`/`secret_` token issued to an official Notion integration — passing + // one of those makes every request fail. Only needed for non-public pages. + authToken: process.env.NOTION_TOKEN_V2, + ofetchOptions: { + headers: notionBrowserHeaders, + retry: maxRetries, + retryDelay: (context: any) => { + // ofetch counts `retry` down, so remaining tells us which attempt we're on + const remaining = + typeof context?.options?.retry === "number" + ? context.options.retry + : maxRetries; + const attempt = maxRetries - remaining; // 0-based + return Math.pow(2, attempt) * 1000; // 1s, 2s, 4s + }, + }, }); diff --git a/lib/notion.ts b/lib/notion.ts index b5f2111..cebc8eb 100644 --- a/lib/notion.ts +++ b/lib/notion.ts @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ import pMap from "p-map"; import pMemoize from "p-memoize"; import { ExtendedRecordMap, SearchParams, SearchResults } from "notion-types"; -import { mergeRecordMaps } from "notion-utils"; +import { mergeRecordMaps, parsePageId, uuidToId } from "notion-utils"; import { notion } from "./notion-api"; +import { contentSource, readNotionSnapshot } from "./content-snapshot"; import { getPreviewImageMap } from "./preview-images"; import { isPreviewImageSupportEnabled, @@ -37,7 +38,34 @@ const getNavigationLinkPages = pMemoize( } ); +/** + * Looks a page up in the committed snapshot. Callers hand us page ids in both + * dashed-uuid and bare-hex form, while the snapshot is keyed by dashed uuid. + */ +function getSnapshotPage(pageId: string): ExtendedRecordMap | null { + const pages = readNotionSnapshot()?.pages; + if (!pages) return null; + + const candidates = [pageId, parsePageId(pageId, { uuid: true }), uuidToId(pageId)]; + + for (const candidate of candidates) { + if (candidate && pages[candidate]) return pages[candidate]; + } + + return null; +} + export async function getPage(pageId: string): Promise { + const snapshotPage = getSnapshotPage(pageId); + if (snapshotPage) return snapshotPage; + + if (contentSource === "snapshot") { + throw new Error( + `Page "${pageId}" is missing from the content snapshot. Re-run ` + + `\`npm run fetch-content\` and commit data/.` + ); + } + let recordMap = await notion.getPage(pageId, { chunkLimit: 100, }); diff --git a/lib/oembed.ts b/lib/oembed.ts index 29e504e..a07c829 100644 --- a/lib/oembed.ts +++ b/lib/oembed.ts @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -import { parsePageId, getPageTitle } from "notion-utils"; +import { parsePageId, getBlockValue, getPageTitle } from "notion-utils"; import { getPage } from "./notion"; import * as config from "./config"; @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export const oembed = async ({ const pageTitle = getPageTitle(page); if (pageTitle) title = pageTitle; - const user = page.notion_user[Object.keys(page.notion_user)[0]]?.value; + const user = getBlockValue(page.notion_user[Object.keys(page.notion_user)[0]]); const name = [user.given_name, user.family_name] .filter(Boolean) .join(" ") diff --git a/next.config.js b/next.config.js index f3b7dbb..7b519fc 100644 --- a/next.config.js +++ b/next.config.js @@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ const basePath = isProd ? process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_BASE_PATH || "" : ""; module.exports = { basePath, - assetPrefix: basePath, + // next rejects an empty string here — omit it entirely when there's no base path + assetPrefix: basePath || undefined, trailingSlash: true, @@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ module.exports = { images: { // unoptimized: true, loader: "akamai", - path: "", + path: "/", domains: [ "www.notion.so", "notion.so", @@ -68,6 +69,9 @@ module.exports = { ]; }, + // next 12 moved this out of `experimental`; it was a silent no-op there + swcMinify: true, + experimental: { largePageDataBytes: 512 * 100000, }, diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json index ef5e113..6cbfbfa 100644 --- a/package-lock.json +++ b/package-lock.json @@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ "next": "^12.1.1", "next-api-og-image": "^2.2.1", "node-fetch": "^2.6.1", - "notion-client": "^6.16.0", - "notion-types": "^6.16.0", - "notion-utils": "^6.16.0", + "notion-client": "^7.10.0", + "notion-types": "^7.10.0", + "notion-utils": "^7.10.0", "p-map": 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"notion-client": "^6.16.0", - "notion-types": "^6.16.0", - "notion-utils": "^6.16.0", + "notion-client": "^7.10.0", + "notion-types": "^7.10.0", + "notion-utils": "^7.10.0", "p-map": "^5.3.0", "p-memoize": "^6.0.1", "patch-package": "^6.5.1", @@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ "react": "^18.2.0", "react-body-classname": "^1.3.1", "react-dom": "^18.2.0", - "react-notion-x": "^6.16.0", + "react-notion-x": "^7.10.0", "react-tweet-embed": "^2.0.0", "react-use": "^17.3.2", "rss": "^1.2.2", @@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ "npm-run-all": "^4.1.5", "parcel": "2.6.x", "prettier": "^2.7.1", + "tsx": "^4.23.8", "typescript": "4.9.5", "yarn": "1.22.x" }, diff --git a/pages/[pageId].tsx b/pages/[pageId].tsx index 6523dcf..51f9db3 100644 --- a/pages/[pageId].tsx +++ b/pages/[pageId].tsx @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import * as React from "react"; import { GetStaticProps } from "next"; import { ExtendedRecordMap } from "notion-types"; import NextHead from "next/head"; -import { getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; +import { getBlockValue, getPageProperty } from "notion-utils"; import { NotionRenderer, NotionComponents } from "react-notion-x"; @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ export const PostRenderer: React.FC<{ components: Partial; }> = ({ level = 0, blockId, recordMap, components }) => { const id = blockId || Object.keys(recordMap?.block || {})[0]; - const block = recordMap?.block[id]?.value; + const block = getBlockValue(recordMap?.block[id]); log("DEBUG", "PostRenderer 0", { id, @@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ export const PostRenderer: React.FC<{ log("DEBUG", "PostRenderer", { content: block?.content?.map((contentId) => { - return recordMap?.block[contentId]?.value; //{ id, parent_id, type } + return getBlockValue(recordMap?.block[contentId]); //{ id, parent_id, type } }), }); diff --git a/pages/api/social-image.tsx b/pages/api/social-image.tsx index d50718b..b232c08 100644 --- a/pages/api/social-image.tsx +++ b/pages/api/social-image.tsx @@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { withOGImage } from 'next-api-og-image' import { getBlockTitle, getBlockIcon, + getBlockValue, getPageProperty, isUrl, parsePageId @@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ export default withOGImage<'query', 'id'>({ const recordMap = await notion.getPage(pageId) const keys = Object.keys(recordMap?.block || {}) - const block = recordMap?.block?.[keys[0]]?.value + const block = getBlockValue(recordMap?.block?.[keys[0]]) if (!block) { throw new Error('Invalid recordMap for page') diff --git a/pages/index.tsx b/pages/index.tsx index dd3a46a..45c1048 100644 --- a/pages/index.tsx +++ b/pages/index.tsx @@ -96,6 +96,18 @@ export const HomePageContent: React.FC = ({ {} ); + const allItems = [ + ...posts + ?.filter((post: any) => post.public == true) + .map((post: any) => ({ ...post, isExternal: false })), + ...substackEssays.map((essay) => ({ + ...essay, + isExternal: true, + id: `substack-${essay.id}`, + })), + ].sort((a: any, b: any) => b.published - a.published); + + return (
@@ -116,67 +128,52 @@ export const HomePageContent: React.FC = ({ > Read on Substack - {(() => { - const allItems = [ - ...posts - ?.filter((post: any) => post.public == true) - .map((post: any) => ({ ...post, isExternal: false })), - ...substackEssays.map((essay) => ({ - ...essay, - isExternal: true, - id: `substack-${essay.id}`, - })), - ].sort((a: any, b: any) => b.published - a.published); - - return ( - <> - {allItems.length > 0 && ( -