diff --git a/extension/android/check_exported_symbols.sh b/extension/android/check_exported_symbols.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000000..4c594a43a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extension/android/check_exported_symbols.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+# Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
+# LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+
+# Verifies that the Android JNI shared library exports the curated
+# EXECUTORCH_1_0 ABI defined in extension/android/jni/version_script.txt.
+#
+# External backend/kernel .so files rely on these symbols being visible in the
+# core .so so that ELF symbol interposition gives them access to the
+# process-wide backend/kernel registries at load time. If any of these symbols
+# go missing (e.g. the version script is accidentally narrowed or stops being
+# applied), split backends would silently register into a private registry and
+# delegation would fail with "backend not found" at runtime. Fail the build
+# instead.
+#
+# Usage: check_exported_symbols.sh <path-to-libexecutorch.so> [path-to-llvm-nm]
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+SO_PATH="${1:?usage: check_exported_symbols.sh <libexecutorch.so> [llvm-nm]}"
+NM="${2:-llvm-nm}"
+
+# Demangled symbol fragments that must be exported by the core .so.
+REQUIRED_SYMBOLS=(
+  # Backend registration (runtime/backend/interface.h)
+  "executorch::runtime::register_backend"
+  "executorch::runtime::get_backend_class"
+  # BackendInterface RTTI/vtable; external backends subclass it and the key
+  # function (the destructor) is emitted in the core .so.
+  "typeinfo for executorch::runtime::BackendInterface"
+  "vtable for executorch::runtime::BackendInterface"
+  # Kernel registration (runtime/kernel/operator_registry.h)
+  "executorch::runtime::register_kernels"
+  # exec_aten data model used by backend implementations (the portable Tensor
+  # is executorch::runtime::etensor::Tensor; executorch::aten::Tensor is a
+  # using-alias, so symbols carry the real namespace).
+  "executorch::runtime::etensor::Tensor"
+  "executorch::runtime::EValue"
+  # PAL hooks so backend .so files share process-wide logging
+  "et_pal_emit_log_message"
+  # JNI entry points (pre-existing export contract)
+  "JNI_OnLoad"
+)
+
+EXPORTED="$("${NM}" -D --defined-only -C "${SO_PATH}")"
+
+missing=0
+for sym in "${REQUIRED_SYMBOLS[@]}"; do
+  if ! grep -qF -- "${sym}" <<<"${EXPORTED}"; then
+    echo "ERROR: ${SO_PATH} does not export required ABI symbol: ${sym}" >&2
+    missing=1
+  fi
+done
+
+if [[ "${missing}" -ne 0 ]]; then
+  echo "The EXECUTORCH_1_0 ABI surface is incomplete." >&2
+  echo "See extension/android/jni/version_script.txt and" >&2
+  echo "https://github.com/pytorch/executorch/issues/10457 (milestone 1)." >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+echo "OK: ${SO_PATH} exports the EXECUTORCH_1_0 ABI surface."
diff --git a/extension/android/jni/version_script.txt b/extension/android/jni/version_script.txt
index a8b7672c1eb..5a277d934b3 100644
--- a/extension/android/jni/version_script.txt
+++ b/extension/android/jni/version_script.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,51 @@
-{
+# Export map for the Android JNI shared library (libexecutorch_jni.so,
+# repackaged as libexecutorch.so in the AAR).
+#
+# In addition to the JNI entry points, the EXECUTORCH_1_0 node exports the
+# curated C++ runtime API surface that an external backend or kernel .so needs
+# in order to self-register into this process's registries when it is loaded.
+# This is milestone 1 of the hot-pluggable backends plan:
+# https://github.com/pytorch/executorch/issues/10457
+#
+# The export boundary is namespace-scoped rather than symbol-by-symbol so that
+# it stays maintainable as the public headers evolve:
+#   - executorch::runtime::*  registration entry points (register_backend,
+#     get_backend_class, register_kernels), BackendInterface, EValue,
+#     MemoryManager / MemoryAllocator, FreeableBuffer, logging, and the rest of
+#     the public runtime API declared under runtime/.
+#   - executorch::aten::*     the exec_aten data model (Tensor, EValue,
+#     Scalar, ...) that backend implementations are written against in
+#     portable (non-ATen) builds.
+#   - et_pal_*                the platform abstraction layer C API, so backend
+#     .so files share the process-wide logging / allocation / time hooks.
+#
+# Everything else — runtime internals outside the public namespaces, backend
+# implementation details, and kernel implementations — stays hidden, which
+# preserves the linker's ability to strip and optimize them.
+#
+# Additive changes must go into a new version node (e.g. EXECUTORCH_1_1) so
+# that external .so files can depend on a stable ABI tag. Never remove or
+# narrow symbols from an existing node.
+EXECUTORCH_1_0 {
   global:
+    # JNI entry points.
     JNI_OnLoad;
     Java_*;
+
+    # Platform abstraction layer (extern "C" API).
+    et_pal_*;
+
+    extern "C++" {
+      "executorch::runtime::*";
+      "executorch::aten::*";
+      # RTTI and vtables for polymorphic public types (e.g. BackendInterface)
+      # whose key functions are emitted in this library; external .so files
+      # subclass these and need the symbols at link/load time.
+      "typeinfo for executorch::runtime::*";
+      "typeinfo for executorch::aten::*";
+      "vtable for executorch::runtime::*";
+      "vtable for executorch::aten::*";
+    };
   local:
     *;
 };
diff --git a/scripts/build_android_library.sh b/scripts/build_android_library.sh
index 5363c64b87c..d93e4196f72 100755
--- a/scripts/build_android_library.sh
+++ b/scripts/build_android_library.sh
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ build_android_native_library() {
   mkdir -p ${SO_STAGE_DIR}
   cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/extension/android/*.so "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so"
 
+  # Verify the curated EXECUTORCH_1_0 ABI surface is exported (milestone 1 of
+  # https://github.com/pytorch/executorch/issues/10457). Backend .so files
+  # loaded alongside the core .so depend on these symbols for self-registration.
+  NM_BIN=$(echo "${ANDROID_NDK}"/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/*/bin/llvm-nm)
+  bash extension/android/check_exported_symbols.sh "${SO_STAGE_DIR}/libexecutorch.so" "${NM_BIN}"
+
   # Copy QNN related so library
   if [ -n "$QNN_SDK_ROOT" ] && [ "$ANDROID_ABI" == "arm64-v8a" ]; then
     cp "${CMAKE_OUT}"/lib/executorch/backends/qualcomm/libqnn_executorch_backend.so ${SO_STAGE_DIR}