diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/__init__.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/__init__.py
index 21c334cb9..b31e36dcf 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/__init__.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
+# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+# Licensed under the MIT License.
+
 from .store_item import StoreItem
 from .storage import Storage, AsyncStorageBase
 from .memory_storage import MemoryStorage
-from .transcript_info import TranscriptInfo
-from .transcript_logger import (
+
+from .transcript import (
+    TranscriptInfo,
     TranscriptLogger,
     ConsoleTranscriptLogger,
     TranscriptLoggerMiddleware,
+    TranscriptStore,
     FileTranscriptLogger,
+    FileTranscriptStore,
     PagedResult,
 )
-from .transcript_store import TranscriptStore
-from .transcript_file_store import FileTranscriptStore
 
 __all__ = [
     "StoreItem",
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/_type_aliases.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/_type_aliases.py
index f800f57f8..c8fdd2690 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/_type_aliases.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/_type_aliases.py
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+# Licensed under the MIT License.
+
 from typing import MutableMapping, Any
 
 JSON = MutableMapping[str, Any]
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/error_handling.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/error_handling.py
index 9f5cb5200..bec1f994d 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/error_handling.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/error_handling.py
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 # Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
-from collections.abc import Callable, Awaitable
 from typing import TypeVar
+from collections.abc import Callable, Awaitable
 
-error_filter = TypeVar("error_filter", bound=Callable[[Exception], bool])
+ErrorFilter = Callable[[Exception], bool]
 
+T = TypeVar("T")
 
-async def ignore_error(promise: Awaitable, ignore_error_filter: error_filter):
+
+async def ignore_error(
+    promise: Awaitable[T], ignore_error_filter: ErrorFilter
+) -> T | None:
     """
     Ignores errors based on the provided filter function.
 
-    promise: the awaitable to execute
-    ignore_error_filter: a function that takes an Exception and returns True if the error should be
-    ignored, False otherwise.
-
-    Returns the result of the promise if successful, or None if the error is ignored.
-    Raises the error if it is not ignored.
+    :param promise: An awaitable that may raise an exception.
+    :param ignore_error_filter: A function that takes an Exception and returns True if the error should be ignored.
+    :return: The result of the promise if successful, or None if the error is ignored.
+    :raises Exception: Re-raises the exception if it is not ignored.
     """
     try:
         return await promise
@@ -26,16 +28,17 @@ async def ignore_error(promise: Awaitable, ignore_error_filter: error_filter):
         raise err
 
 
-def is_status_code_error(*ignored_codes: list[int]) -> error_filter:
+def is_status_code_error(*ignored_codes: int) -> ErrorFilter:
     """
     Creates an error filter function that ignores errors with specific status codes.
 
-    ignored_codes: a list of status codes to ignore
-    Returns a function that takes an Exception and returns True if the error's status code is in ignored_codes.
+    :param ignored_codes: A list of status codes to ignore.
+    :return: A function that takes an Exception and returns True if the error's status code is in the ignored list.
     """
 
     def func(err: Exception) -> bool:
-        if hasattr(err, "status_code") and err.status_code in ignored_codes:
+        status_code = getattr(err, "status_code", None)
+        if status_code is not None and status_code in ignored_codes:
             return True
         return False
 
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/memory_storage.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/memory_storage.py
index 7a0aaab4e..5e962ecda 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/memory_storage.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/memory_storage.py
@@ -12,39 +12,47 @@
 
 
 class MemoryStorage(Storage):
+    """In-memory storage implementation for testing and development purposes."""
+
     def __init__(self, state: dict[str, JSON] | None = None):
+        """Initializes the MemoryStorage with an optional initial state.
+
+        :param state: An optional dictionary representing the initial state of the storage.
+        :raises ValueError: If state is not a dictionary or None.
+        """
         self._memory: dict[str, JSON] = state or {}
         self._lock = Lock()
 
     async def read(
-        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: StoreItemT = None, **kwargs
+        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> dict[str, StoreItemT]:
+        """Reads items from the in-memory storage.
+
+        :param keys: A list of keys to read from the storage.
+        :param target_cls: The class type of the items to be read. Must be a subclass of StoreItem.
+        :return: A dictionary mapping keys to their corresponding StoreItem instances.
+        :raises ValueError: If keys are empty.
+        """
 
         if not keys:
             raise ValueError("Storage.read(): Keys are required when reading.")
-        if not target_cls:
-            raise ValueError("Storage.read(): target_cls cannot be None.")
 
-        result: dict[str, StoreItem] = {}
+        result: dict[str, StoreItemT] = {}
         async with self._lock:
             for key in keys:
                 if key == "":
                     raise ValueError("MemoryStorage.read(): key cannot be empty")
                 if key in self._memory:
-                    if not target_cls:
-                        result[key] = self._memory[key]
-                    else:
-                        try:
-                            result[key] = target_cls.from_json_to_store_item(
-                                self._memory[key]
-                            )
-                        except AttributeError as error:
-                            raise TypeError(
-                                f"MemoryStorage.read(): could not deserialize in-memory item into {target_cls} class. Error: {error}"
-                            )
+                    result[key] = target_cls.from_json_to_store_item(self._memory[key])
+
             return result
 
     async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItem]):
+        """Writes items to the in-memory storage.
+
+        :param changes: A dictionary mapping keys to StoreItem instances to be written to the storage.
+        :raises ValueError: If changes is None or any key is empty.
+        """
         if not changes:
             raise ValueError("MemoryStorage.write(): changes cannot be None")
 
@@ -55,6 +63,12 @@ async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItem]):
                 self._memory[key] = changes[key].store_item_to_json()
 
     async def delete(self, keys: list[str]):
+        """Deletes items from the in-memory storage.
+
+        :param keys: A list of keys to delete from the storage.
+        :raises ValueError: If keys is empty or any key is empty.
+        """
+
         if not keys:
             raise ValueError("Storage.delete(): Keys are required when deleting.")
 
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/storage.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/storage.py
index 380def139..5b4161b07 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/storage.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/storage.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
-from typing import Protocol, TypeVar, Type
-from abc import abstractmethod
+from typing import TypeVar
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from asyncio import gather
 
 from .store_item import StoreItem
@@ -11,26 +11,30 @@
 StoreItemT = TypeVar("StoreItemT", bound=StoreItem)
 
 
-class Storage(Protocol):
+class Storage(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for storage implementations."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
     async def read(
-        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: Type[StoreItemT] | None = None, **kwargs
+        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> dict[str, StoreItemT]:
         """Reads multiple items from storage.
 
-        keys: A list of keys to read.
-        target_cls: The class to deserialize the stored JSON into.
-        Returns a dictionary of key to StoreItem.
-
-        missing keys are omitted from the result.
+        :param keys: A list of keys to read.
+        :param target_cls: The class of the StoreItem to deserialize the data into.
+        :return: A dictionary of key to StoreItem.
         """
         pass
 
-    async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItemT]) -> None:
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItem]) -> None:
         """Writes multiple items to storage.
 
-        changes: A dictionary of key to StoreItem to write."""
+        :param changes: A dictionary of key to StoreItem to write.
+        """
         pass
 
+    @abstractmethod
     async def delete(self, keys: list[str]) -> None:
         """Deletes multiple items from storage.
 
@@ -53,21 +57,29 @@ async def initialize(self) -> None:
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def _read_item(
-        self, key: str, *, target_cls: Type[StoreItemT] | None = None, **kwargs
+        self, key: str, *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> tuple[str | None, StoreItemT | None]:
         """Reads a single item from storage by key.
 
-        Returns a tuple of (key, StoreItem) if found, or (None, None) if not found.
+        :param key: The key to read.
+        :param target_cls: The class of the StoreItem to deserialize the data into.
+        :return: A tuple of key and StoreItem. If the item does not exist, returns (None, None).
         """
         pass
 
     async def read(
-        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: Type[StoreItemT] | None = None, **kwargs
+        self, keys: list[str], *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> dict[str, StoreItemT]:
+        """
+        Reads multiple items from storage.
+
+        :param keys: A list of keys to read.
+        :param target_cls: The class of the StoreItem to deserialize the data into.
+        :return: A dictionary of key to StoreItem.
+        :raises ValueError: If keys is empty.
+        """
         if not keys:
             raise ValueError("Storage.read(): Keys are required when reading.")
-        if not target_cls:
-            raise ValueError("Storage.read(): target_cls cannot be None.")
 
         with spans.StorageRead(len(keys)):
             await self.initialize()
@@ -75,14 +87,23 @@ async def read(
             items: list[tuple[str | None, StoreItemT | None]] = await gather(
                 *[self._read_item(key, target_cls=target_cls, **kwargs) for key in keys]
             )
-            return {key: value for key, value in items if key is not None}
+            return {
+                key: value
+                for key, value in items
+                if key is not None and value is not None
+            }
 
     @abstractmethod
-    async def _write_item(self, key: str, value: StoreItemT) -> None:
+    async def _write_item(self, key: str, value: StoreItem) -> None:
         """Writes a single item to storage by key."""
         pass
 
-    async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItemT]) -> None:
+    async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItem]) -> None:
+        """Writes multiple items to storage.
+
+        :param changes: A dictionary of key to StoreItem to write.
+        :raises ValueError: If changes is empty.
+        """
         if not changes:
             raise ValueError("Storage.write(): Changes are required when writing.")
 
@@ -95,10 +116,18 @@ async def write(self, changes: dict[str, StoreItemT]) -> None:
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def _delete_item(self, key: str) -> None:
-        """Deletes a single item from storage by key."""
+        """Deletes a single item from storage by key.
+
+        :param key: The key to delete.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def delete(self, keys: list[str]) -> None:
+        """Deletes multiple items from storage.
+
+        :param keys: A list of keys to delete.
+        :raises ValueError: If keys is empty.
+        """
         if not keys:
             raise ValueError("Storage.delete(): Keys are required when deleting.")
 
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/store_item.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/store_item.py
index 451b72295..9f751b8a9 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/store_item.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/store_item.py
@@ -1,15 +1,30 @@
 # Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 # Licensed under the MIT License.
 
-from abc import ABC
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 from ._type_aliases import JSON
 
 
 class StoreItem(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for items stored in the storage system."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
     def store_item_to_json(self) -> JSON:
+        """Serializes the StoreItem to a JSON-compatible dictionary.
+
+        :return: A JSON-compatible dictionary representation of the StoreItem.
+        """
         pass
 
     @staticmethod
-    def from_json_to_store_item(json_data: JSON) -> "StoreItem":
+    @abstractmethod
+    def from_json_to_store_item(json_data: JSON) -> StoreItem:
+        """Deserializes a JSON-compatible dictionary to a StoreItem.
+
+        :param json_data: A JSON-compatible dictionary representation of the StoreItem.
+        :return: A StoreItem instance.
+        """
         pass
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/__init__.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0b6174763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+# Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+from .transcript_info import TranscriptInfo
+from .transcript_logger import (
+    TranscriptLogger,
+    ConsoleTranscriptLogger,
+    TranscriptLoggerMiddleware,
+    FileTranscriptLogger,
+    PagedResult,
+)
+from .transcript_store import TranscriptStore
+from .transcript_file_store import FileTranscriptStore
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TranscriptInfo",
+    "TranscriptLogger",
+    "ConsoleTranscriptLogger",
+    "TranscriptLoggerMiddleware",
+    "TranscriptStore",
+    "FileTranscriptLogger",
+    "FileTranscriptStore",
+    "PagedResult",
+]
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_file_store.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_file_store.py
similarity index 100%
rename from libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_file_store.py
rename to libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_file_store.py
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_info.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_info.py
similarity index 100%
rename from libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_info.py
rename to libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_info.py
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_logger.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_logger.py
similarity index 97%
rename from libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_logger.py
rename to libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_logger.py
index 3986e4792..780656199 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_logger.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_logger.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from typing import Awaitable, Callable, Optional
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
-from microsoft_agents.activity import Activity, ChannelAccount
+from microsoft_agents.activity import Activity, ChannelAccount, ResourceResponse
 from microsoft_agents.activity.activity import ConversationReference
 from microsoft_agents.activity.activity_types import ActivityTypes
 from microsoft_agents.activity.conversation_reference import ActivityEventNames
@@ -139,8 +139,8 @@ async def on_turn(
         async def send_activities_handler(
             ctx: TurnContext,
             activities: list[Activity],
-            next_send: Callable[[], Awaitable[None]],
-        ):
+            next_send: Callable[[], Awaitable[list[ResourceResponse]]],
+        ) -> list[ResourceResponse]:
             # Run full pipeline
             responses = await next_send()
             for index, activity in enumerate(activities):
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_memory_store.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_memory_store.py
similarity index 100%
rename from libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_memory_store.py
rename to libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_memory_store.py
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_store.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_store.py
similarity index 100%
rename from libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript_store.py
rename to libraries/microsoft-agents-hosting-core/microsoft_agents/hosting/core/storage/transcript/transcript_store.py
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-blob/microsoft_agents/storage/blob/blob_storage.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-blob/microsoft_agents/storage/blob/blob_storage.py
index a88c60783..8dfcf8376 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-blob/microsoft_agents/storage/blob/blob_storage.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-blob/microsoft_agents/storage/blob/blob_storage.py
@@ -22,8 +22,14 @@
 
 
 class BlobStorage(AsyncStorageBase):
+    """A Blob Storage provider for storing StoreItem objects in Azure Blob Storage."""
 
     def __init__(self, config: BlobStorageConfig):
+        """Initialize the BlobStorage with the given configuration.
+
+        :param config: BlobStorageConfig object containing the configuration for the blob storage.
+        :raises ValueError: If the container name is not provided in the configuration.
+        """
 
         if not config.container_name:
             raise ValueError(str(blob_storage_errors.BlobContainerNameRequired))
@@ -37,6 +43,10 @@ def __init__(self, config: BlobStorageConfig):
         self._initialized: bool = False
 
     def _create_client(self) -> BlobServiceClient:
+        """Creates a BlobServiceClient based on the provided configuration.
+        :return: An instance of BlobServiceClient.
+        :raises ValueError: If the configuration is invalid.
+        """
         if self.config.url:  # connect with URL and credentials
             if not self.config.credential:
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -63,8 +73,14 @@ async def initialize(self) -> None:
             self._initialized = True
 
     async def _read_item(
-        self, key: str, *, target_cls: StoreItemT | None = None, **kwargs
+        self, key: str, *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> tuple[str | None, StoreItemT | None]:
+        """Reads an item from blob storage.
+
+        :param key: The key of the item to read.
+        :param target_cls: The type of the StoreItem to deserialize into.
+        :return: A tuple containing the key and the deserialized StoreItem, or (None, None) if not found.
+        """
         item = await ignore_error(
             self._container_client.download_blob(blob=key, timeout=5),
             is_status_code_error(404),
@@ -72,7 +88,7 @@ async def _read_item(
         if not item:
             return None, None
 
-        item_rep: str = await item.readall()
+        item_rep: bytes = await item.readall()
         item_JSON: JSON = json.loads(item_rep)
         try:
             return key, target_cls.from_json_to_store_item(item_JSON)
@@ -82,6 +98,12 @@ async def _read_item(
             )
 
     async def _write_item(self, key: str, item: StoreItem) -> None:
+        """Writes an item to blob storage.
+
+        :param key: The key under which to store the item.
+        :param item: The StoreItem to serialize and store.
+        :raises ValueError: If the StoreItem serialization returns None.
+        """
         item_JSON: JSON = item.store_item_to_json()
         if item_JSON is None:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -98,6 +120,11 @@ async def _write_item(self, key: str, item: StoreItem) -> None:
         )
 
     async def _delete_item(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Deletes an item from blob storage.
+
+        :param key: The key of the item to delete.
+        :raises ValueError: If the deletion fails for reasons other than the item not existing.
+        """
         await ignore_error(
             self._container_client.delete_blob(blob=key), is_status_code_error(404)
         )
diff --git a/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-cosmos/microsoft_agents/storage/cosmos/cosmos_db_storage.py b/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-cosmos/microsoft_agents/storage/cosmos/cosmos_db_storage.py
index 5dc612737..68bd7d563 100644
--- a/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-cosmos/microsoft_agents/storage/cosmos/cosmos_db_storage.py
+++ b/libraries/microsoft-agents-storage-cosmos/microsoft_agents/storage/cosmos/cosmos_db_storage.py
@@ -52,6 +52,11 @@ def __init__(self, config: CosmosDBStorageConfig):
         self._lock: asyncio.Lock = asyncio.Lock()
 
     def _create_client(self) -> CosmosClient:
+        """Create a CosmosClient based on the configuration.
+
+        :return: A CosmosClient instance.
+        :raises ValueError: If the configuration is invalid.
+        """
         if self._config.url:
             if not self._config.credential:
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -82,19 +87,27 @@ def _create_client(self) -> CosmosClient:
         )
 
     def _sanitize(self, key: str) -> str:
+        """Sanitize the key for use in CosmosDB."""
         return sanitize_key(
             key, self._config.key_suffix, self._config.compatibility_mode
         )
 
     async def _read_item(
-        self, key: str, *, target_cls: StoreItemT | None = None, **kwargs
+        self, key: str, *, target_cls: type[StoreItemT], **kwargs
     ) -> tuple[str | None, StoreItemT | None]:
+        """Read an item from the storage.
+
+        :param key: The key of the item to read.
+        :param target_cls: The type of the item to read.
+        :return: A tuple containing the real key and the item, or (None, None) if not found.
+        :raises ValueError: If the key is empty.
+        """
 
         if key == "":
             raise ValueError(str(storage_errors.CosmosDbKeyCannotBeEmpty))
 
         escaped_key: str = self._sanitize(key)
-        read_item_response: CosmosDict = await ignore_error(
+        read_item_response: CosmosDict | None = await ignore_error(
             self._container.read_item(
                 escaped_key, self._get_partition_key(escaped_key)
             ),
@@ -103,10 +116,18 @@ async def _read_item(
         if read_item_response is None:
             return None, None
 
-        doc: JSON = read_item_response.get("document")
+        doc: JSON | None = read_item_response.get("document")
+        if doc is None:
+            return read_item_response["realId"], None
         return read_item_response["realId"], target_cls.from_json_to_store_item(doc)
 
     async def _write_item(self, key: str, item: StoreItem) -> None:
+        """Write an item to the storage.
+
+        :param key: The key of the item to write.
+        :param item: The item to write.
+        :raises ValueError: If the key is empty.
+        """
         if key == "":
             raise ValueError(str(storage_errors.CosmosDbKeyCannotBeEmpty))
 
@@ -120,6 +141,11 @@ async def _write_item(self, key: str, item: StoreItem) -> None:
         await self._container.upsert_item(body=doc)
 
     async def _delete_item(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Delete an item from the storage.
+
+        :param key: The key of the item to delete.
+        :raises ValueError: If the key is empty.
+        """
         if key == "":
             raise ValueError(str(storage_errors.CosmosDbKeyCannotBeEmpty))
 
@@ -133,6 +159,7 @@ async def _delete_item(self, key: str) -> None:
         )
 
     async def _create_container(self) -> None:
+        """Create the container if it does not exist."""
         partition_key = {
             "paths": ["/id"],
             "kind": documents.PartitionKind.Hash,
@@ -164,6 +191,7 @@ async def _create_container(self) -> None:
                 )
 
     async def initialize(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the storage provider."""
         if not self._container:
             async with self._lock:
                 # in case another async task attempted to initialize just before acquiring the lock
@@ -178,7 +206,13 @@ async def initialize(self) -> None:
                 await self._create_container()
 
     def _get_partition_key(self, key: str):
+        """Get the partition key for the given key, considering compatibility mode.
+
+        :param key: The key for which to get the partition key.
+        :return: The partition key value.
+        """
         return NonePartitionKeyValue if self._compatability_mode_partition_key else key
 
     async def _close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the storage provider."""
         await self._client.close()
diff --git a/tests/_common/storage/utils.py b/tests/_common/storage/utils.py
index 65aa42433..3343874cf 100644
--- a/tests/_common/storage/utils.py
+++ b/tests/_common/storage/utils.py
@@ -256,8 +256,6 @@ async def test_read_errors(self, initial_state):
                 await storage.read(None, target_cls=MockStoreItem)
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                 await storage.read([""], target_cls=MockStoreItem)
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-                await storage.read(["key"], target_cls=None)
             assert initial_state == initial_state_copy
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -363,9 +361,9 @@ async def test_delete_errors(self, initial_state):
         initial_state_copy = my_deepcopy(initial_state)
         async with self.storage(initial_state) as storage:
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-                await storage.read([])
+                await storage.delete([])
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-                await storage.read(None)
+                await storage.delete(None)
             assert initial_state == initial_state_copy
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -410,8 +408,6 @@ async def test_flow(self):
 
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                 await storage.read([], target_cls=MockStoreItem)
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-                await storage.read(["key_b"], target_cls=None)
 
             change = {
                 "key_c": MockStoreItemB(
diff --git a/tests/hosting_core/app/state/test_state.py b/tests/hosting_core/app/state/test_state.py
index 923346e43..daf7e102f 100644
--- a/tests/hosting_core/app/state/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/hosting_core/app/state/test_state.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ async def load(
         if not storage:
             return cls(__key__="test")
 
-        data: Dict[str, Any] = await storage.read(["test"])
+        data: Dict[str, Any] = await storage.read(["test"], target_cls=MockStoreItem)
 
         if "test" in data:
             if isinstance(data["test"], StoreItem):
diff --git a/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_logger_middleware.py b/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_logger_middleware.py
index 744f0df1e..1a01ace7d 100644
--- a/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_logger_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_logger_middleware.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 from microsoft_agents.activity import Activity, ActivityEventNames, ActivityTypes
 from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.authorization.claims_identity import ClaimsIdentity
 from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.middleware_set import TurnContext
-from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript_logger import (
+from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript.transcript_logger import (
     ConsoleTranscriptLogger,
     FileTranscriptLogger,
     TranscriptLoggerMiddleware,
 )
-from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript_memory_store import (
+from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript.transcript_memory_store import (
     TranscriptMemoryStore,
 )
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_store_memory.py b/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_store_memory.py
index 691c3e027..ac59f6ca9 100644
--- a/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_store_memory.py
+++ b/tests/hosting_core/storage/test_transcript_store_memory.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 import pytest
-from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript_memory_store import (
+from microsoft_agents.hosting.core.storage.transcript.transcript_memory_store import (
     TranscriptMemoryStore,
     PagedResult,
 )