diff --git a/packages/arm-emulator/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/arm-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
index d82faa9..95e03f9 100644
--- a/packages/arm-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/arm-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # @gba-kit/arm-emulator
 
+## 0.5.0
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ## 0.3.0
diff --git a/packages/arm-emulator/package.json b/packages/arm-emulator/package.json
index 4a8a49d..67f3b7f 100644
--- a/packages/arm-emulator/package.json
+++ b/packages/arm-emulator/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/arm-emulator",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "ARM7TDMI CPU emulator supporting Thumb and ARM instruction sets",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/debug-info/CHANGELOG.md
index 821e43a..cd51e08 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/debug-info/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,27 @@
 # @gba-kit/debug-info
 
+## 0.5.0
+
+### Minor Changes
+
+- Report an array's RANK, not just its flattened element count.
+
+  `variableShape()`'s array arm and `struct()`'s array members now carry `dims` — the
+  per-dimension extents, outermost first (`u16 g[4][0x400]` → `[4, 1024]`). `length` is
+  unchanged: it stays the product, which is what sizes the object.
+
+  The two readings answer different questions, and only `dims` answers the one a consumer
+  spelling C needs: `g[i]` on a rank-2 array is a **row**, not an element. A consumer that
+  knows only the flat count writes a single subscript, which against the project's own header
+  is either a type error or — where the row address flows into an integer context — silently
+  the wrong address.
+
+  `null` marks an unbounded dimension. On a `DW_AT_declaration` a leading extent of 1 is
+  GCC 2.95's spelling of an unsized outer bound (`extern T x[]`, `extern T x[][4]`) and is
+  reported as `null`, mirroring the rule `length` already applies; the inner extents are
+  written down and survive. A rank-1 array reports a one-entry `dims`, so an absent key
+  always means "not an array", never "rank unknown".
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ### Minor Changes
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/package.json b/packages/debug-info/package.json
index 119ea95..defd34a 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/package.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/debug-info",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "Parse ELF symbols and DWARF debug info (line tables) for GBA decomp debugging",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/producer-quirks.spec.ts b/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/producer-quirks.spec.ts
index 43866be..089ec78 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/producer-quirks.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/producer-quirks.spec.ts
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ describe('3. the 0xffffffff upper bound means zero-length, never 2^32 elements',
       elemSize: 1,
       elemSigned: false,
       length: null,
+      dims: [null], // rank 1, the single extent unbounded
       volatile: false,
       const: false,
     });
@@ -96,7 +97,15 @@ describe('3. the 0xffffffff upper bound means zero-length, never 2^32 elements',
   it('a zero-length trailing member reads exactly like modern flexible arrays', () => {
     // Mirrors the devkitarm-min `Blob.data` pin: stride reported, size and length not.
     const data = agbcc.struct('Flex')!.members.find((m) => m.name === 'data')!;
-    expect(data).toEqual({ name: 'data', offset: 4, size: null, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false });
+    expect(data).toEqual({
+      name: 'data',
+      offset: 4,
+      size: null,
+      signed: null,
+      elemSize: 1,
+      elemSigned: false,
+      dims: [null],
+    });
     expect(agbcc.resolveVariable('g_flex.data')).toBeNull();
   });
 
@@ -117,6 +126,7 @@ describe('4. an unsized extern array is not [1]', () => {
       elemSize: 2,
       elemSigned: true,
       length: null,
+      dims: [null], // the rank IS known (1); only its extent is not
       volatile: false,
       const: true,
     });
@@ -128,8 +138,40 @@ describe('4. an unsized extern array is not [1]', () => {
       elemSize: 2,
       elemSigned: true,
       length: 1,
+      dims: [1],
       volatile: false,
       const: false,
     });
   });
 });
+
+describe('5. an array RANK is not its element count', () => {
+  // `length` is the PRODUCT of the subranges, so it cannot say how many subscripts an
+  // element access takes — and `g[i]` on a `[2][3]` is a ROW, not an element. A consumer
+  // that only knows the flat count cannot spell an access that type-checks against the
+  // project's own header, which is exactly how a flattened rank surfaces: as a compile
+  // error in the world the header lives in, never as a wrong number.
+  it('reports every dimension of a fully-bounded array, outermost first', () => {
+    expect(agbcc.types.variableShape('g_grid3')).toMatchObject({ dims: [2, 3, 4], length: 24 });
+    expect(agbcc.types.variableShape('g_init_table')).toMatchObject({ dims: [2, 2], length: 4 });
+    expect(agbcc.types.variableShape('g_fwd_sized_table')).toMatchObject({ dims: [3, 2], length: 6 });
+  });
+
+  it('a DECLARATION keeps its INNER extents and loses only the unsized outer one', () => {
+    // `extern const short g_ext_grid[][4];` — agbcc spells the outer bound as upper_bound 0
+    // (indistinguishable from a real [1]), but the inner 4 IS written down, and the inner
+    // extents are the ones an element access needs.
+    expect(agbcc.types.variableShape('g_ext_grid')).toMatchObject({ dims: [null, 4] });
+  });
+
+  it('reports the rank of an array MEMBER too', () => {
+    const cells = agbcc.struct('Grid')!.members.find((m) => m.name === 'cells')!;
+    expect(cells).toMatchObject({ offset: 4, size: 12, elemSize: 2, length: 6, dims: [2, 3] });
+  });
+
+  it('control: a rank-1 array reports a one-entry rank, not none', () => {
+    // Absence of `dims` must mean "this is not an array", never "rank unknown" — a consumer
+    // gating on key presence would otherwise read every plain table as unranked.
+    expect(agbcc.types.variableShape('g_rom_table')).toMatchObject({ dims: [3] });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/real-projects.spec.ts b/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/real-projects.spec.ts
index 082c783..7cae60b 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/real-projects.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/debug-info/src/__tests__/real-projects.spec.ts
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ describe.each(ARM_PROJECTS)('DebugInfo vs binutils oracle on $label', (project)
         { name: 'flags', offset: 8, size: 2, signed: true },
         // char[6] → `size` is the WHOLE member (element size × length); the element facts are
         // what an indexed read into it needs, and `signed` stays null (an array is not a base type)
-        { name: 'name', offset: 10, size: 6, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false, length: 6 },
+        { name: 'name', offset: 10, size: 6, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false, length: 6, dims: [6] },
         // pointer → 4 bytes, and the pointee facts pointer arithmetic scales by
         { name: 'ptr', offset: 16, size: 4, signed: null, pointer: true, pointeeSize: 4, pointeeSigned: true },
         { name: 'inner', offset: 20, size: 8, signed: null }, // nested struct
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ describe.each(ARM_PROJECTS)('DebugInfo vs binutils oracle on $label', (project)
       elemSize: 2,
       elemSigned: true,
       length: 3,
+      dims: [3],
       volatile: false,
       const: true,
     });
@@ -385,7 +386,15 @@ describe('DebugInfo on devkitarm-min-only shapes', () => {
     // The member still declares an element STRIDE — what it has no bound. So `elemSize` is
     // reported and `length` is absent, the two facts being independent.
     const data = di.struct('Blob')!.members.find((m) => m.name === 'data')!;
-    expect(data).toEqual({ name: 'data', offset: 4, size: null, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false });
+    expect(data).toEqual({
+      name: 'data',
+      offset: 4,
+      size: null,
+      signed: null,
+      elemSize: 1,
+      elemSigned: false,
+      dims: [null],
+    });
   });
 
   it('names an UNNAMED pointee by the typedef that aliases it', () => {
@@ -517,7 +526,7 @@ describe.each(BE_PROJECTS)('DebugInfo vs binutils oracle on $label', (project) =
         { name: 'tag', offset: 0, size: 1, signed: false },
         { name: 'count', offset: 4, size: 4, signed: true },
         { name: 'flags', offset: 8, size: 2, signed: true },
-        { name: 'name', offset: 10, size: 6, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false, length: 6 },
+        { name: 'name', offset: 10, size: 6, signed: null, elemSize: 1, elemSigned: false, length: 6, dims: [6] },
         { name: 'ptr', offset: 16, size: 4, signed: null, pointer: true, pointeeSize: 4, pointeeSigned: true },
         { name: 'inner', offset: 20, size: 8, signed: null }, // nested struct
         { name: 'tail', offset: 28, size: 4, signed: true },
@@ -606,6 +615,7 @@ describe.each(BE_PROJECTS)('DebugInfo vs binutils oracle on $label', (project) =
       elemSize: 2,
       elemSigned: true,
       length: 4,
+      dims: [4],
       volatile: false,
       const: false,
     });
@@ -615,6 +625,7 @@ describe.each(BE_PROJECTS)('DebugInfo vs binutils oracle on $label', (project) =
       elemSize: 2,
       elemSigned: true,
       length: 3,
+      dims: [3],
       volatile: false,
       const: true,
     });
@@ -685,7 +696,7 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
   // Every type/global any of the four declares. The ones not present in all four are
   // enumerated by name below, so a project that genuinely lacks a shape is skipped
   // EXPLICITLY rather than dropped silently.
-  const CANDIDATE_TYPES = ['Probe', 'Inner', 'Bits', 'Cv', 'UtilPair', 'Pair', 'Shape', 'Blob'];
+  const CANDIDATE_TYPES = ['Probe', 'Inner', 'Bits', 'Cv', 'UtilPair', 'Grid', 'Pair', 'Shape', 'Blob'];
   const CANDIDATE_GLOBALS = [
     'g_counter',
     'g_probe',
@@ -693,6 +704,9 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
     'g_cv',
     'g_rom_table',
     'g_util_pair',
+    'g_grid3',
+    'g_grid',
+    'g_ext_grid', // agbcc-min only — the unsized-outer-bound spelling is a GCC 2.95 quirk
     'g_pair', // little-endian sources only
     'g_color',
     'g_mode',
@@ -735,8 +749,17 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
   });
 
   it('shares exactly this declaration set — every other shape is skipped BY NAME', () => {
-    expect(sharedTypes).toEqual(['Probe', 'Inner', 'Bits', 'Cv', 'UtilPair']);
-    expect(sharedGlobals).toEqual(['g_counter', 'g_probe', 'g_bits', 'g_cv', 'g_rom_table', 'g_util_pair']);
+    expect(sharedTypes).toEqual(['Probe', 'Inner', 'Bits', 'Cv', 'UtilPair', 'Grid']);
+    expect(sharedGlobals).toEqual([
+      'g_counter',
+      'g_probe',
+      'g_bits',
+      'g_cv',
+      'g_rom_table',
+      'g_util_pair',
+      'g_grid3',
+      'g_grid',
+    ]);
     // The rest, and who lacks each. These are SOURCE facts (the big-endian projects
     // declare a different set of globals; agbcc/GCC 2.95 rejects anonymous unions and
     // flexible array members), not parser gaps — pinned so a shape silently vanishing
@@ -747,6 +770,7 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
       Blob: ['agbcc-min', 'mips-min', 'ppc-min'],
     });
     expect(skipped(CANDIDATE_GLOBALS, hasGlobal)).toEqual({
+      g_ext_grid: ['devkitarm-min', 'mips-min', 'ppc-min'],
       g_pair: ['mips-min', 'ppc-min'],
       g_color: ['mips-min', 'ppc-min'],
       g_mode: ['mips-min', 'ppc-min'],
@@ -773,6 +797,7 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
     Bits: { size: 8, members: 'hearts@0:1 stars@0:1 cross@0:2 wide@1:1 after@4:4' },
     Cv: { size: 4, members: 'level@0:1 gain@2:2' },
     UtilPair: { size: 4, members: 'lo@0:2 hi@2:2' },
+    Grid: { size: 16, members: 'id@0:4 cells@4:12' },
   };
 
   it.each(sharedTypes)('every project reports the same byte layout for %s', (type) => {
@@ -811,8 +836,21 @@ describe('cross-endian equivalence (same declarations, four toolchains, both byt
     g_probe: { kind: 'struct', structName: 'Probe', size: 32, volatile: false, const: false },
     g_bits: { kind: 'struct', structName: 'Bits', size: 8, volatile: false, const: false },
     g_cv: { kind: 'struct', structName: 'Cv', size: 4, volatile: true, const: false },
-    g_rom_table: { kind: 'array', elemSize: 2, elemSigned: true, length: 3, volatile: false, const: true },
+    g_rom_table: { kind: 'array', elemSize: 2, elemSigned: true, length: 3, dims: [3], volatile: false, const: true },
     g_util_pair: { kind: 'struct', structName: 'UtilPair', size: 4, volatile: false, const: false },
+    // RANK is byte-order- and producer-independent: the dimensions come from the
+    // DW_TAG_subrange chain, which every producer spells in declaration order. A reader that
+    // multiplied them away (or read them under the wrong endianness) shows up right here.
+    g_grid3: {
+      kind: 'array',
+      elemSize: 1,
+      elemSigned: false,
+      length: 24,
+      dims: [2, 3, 4],
+      volatile: false,
+      const: false,
+    },
+    g_grid: { kind: 'struct', structName: 'Grid', size: 16, volatile: false, const: false },
   };
 
   it.each(sharedGlobals)('every project classifies %s to the same shape — TypeIndex.variableShape', (name) => {
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/src/types.ts b/packages/debug-info/src/types.ts
index bf53125..5fc75a9 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/src/types.ts
+++ b/packages/debug-info/src/types.ts
@@ -178,6 +178,24 @@ export interface StructMember {
    * array member, `char data[]`, which declares a stride but no length).
    */
   length?: number;
+  /**
+   * Array member only: the per-dimension extents, outermost first — the RANK that {@link length}
+   * multiplies away (`u16 x[4][8]` → `[4, 8]`, length 32). One entry per DW_TAG_subrange_type,
+   * `null` where that dimension has no bound (a flexible one). Absent when the member is not an
+   * array or the DWARF gave the array no subranges at all.
+   *
+   * The rank is not decoration: `x[i]` on a `[4][8]` member is a ROW, not an element, so a
+   * consumer that only knows the flat count cannot spell an element access that type-checks
+   * against the project's own header.
+   *
+   * Reported for SYMMETRY with {@link VariableShape}'s array arm — a member and a global are the
+   * same DWARF array type, and a reader that answers the rank question for one should answer it
+   * for the other. It is the consumer that differs: a consumer synthesizing its OWN struct
+   * declaration may flatten the member, since its access and its declaration then agree by
+   * construction and no foreign header is involved. Rank only becomes load-bearing where the
+   * declaration belongs to someone else.
+   */
+  dims?: (number | null)[];
 }
 
 /** The width/signedness facts of one declared type — shared by a parameter and a return type. */
@@ -238,6 +256,11 @@ export type VariableShape =
       elemSize: number | null;
       elemSigned: boolean | null;
       length: number | null;
+      /** the per-dimension extents, outermost first — the RANK `length` multiplies away
+       *  (`u16 g[4][0x400]` → `[4, 1024]`, length 4096). `null` where a dimension is
+       *  unbounded, and null overall when the rank itself is unknown (an unsized 1-D
+       *  extern) or the type is not subranged. `g[i]` on a rank-2 array is a ROW. */
+      dims: (number | null)[] | null;
       volatile: boolean;
       const: boolean;
     }
@@ -549,6 +572,12 @@ export class TypeIndex {
           // near-information-free fact. A DEFINED [1] keeps its length — the definition
           // is the witness.
           length: isDeclaration(variable) && length === 1 ? null : length,
+          // The RANK, under the same declaration rule applied per-dimension: on a DECLARATION
+          // a LEADING extent of 1 is that same unsized spelling (`extern T x[]`, `extern T
+          // x[][4]`) and reports null, while the inner extents ARE written down and survive —
+          // they are exactly what an element access needs. Only the outermost dimension can be
+          // unsized in C, so only it is normalized.
+          dims: declaredDims(variable, die),
           ...cv,
         };
       }
@@ -828,16 +857,18 @@ export class TypeIndex {
   /** An array member's element facts. Each is omitted when the DWARF does not determine it — an
    *  unsized element type has no stride, a flexible array member no length — so a present key is
    *  always a fact, never a default. */
-  #arrayFacts(arrayDie: Die): Pick<StructMember, 'elemSize' | 'elemSigned' | 'length'> {
+  #arrayFacts(arrayDie: Die): Pick<StructMember, 'elemSize' | 'elemSigned' | 'length' | 'dims'> {
     const elemRef = arrayDie.attrs.get(DW_AT_type);
     const elem = this.#stripTypedefs(elemRef);
     const elemSize = this.#typeRefSize(elemRef);
     const elemSigned = elem ? baseTypeSignedness(elem) : null;
     const length = arrayLength(arrayDie);
+    const dims = arrayDims(arrayDie);
     return {
       ...(elemSize !== null ? { elemSize } : {}),
       ...(elemSigned !== null ? { elemSigned } : {}),
       ...(length !== null ? { length } : {}),
+      ...(dims !== null ? { dims } : {}),
     };
   }
 
@@ -936,30 +967,57 @@ function bitfieldAbsBitOffset(member: Die, typeSize: number | null, littleEndian
 }
 
 /**
- * Element count of an array DIE (product of its DW_TAG_subrange_type dimensions),
- * or null if any dimension is flexible (no bound) or zero-length — those have no
- * fixed read size, so the member's size should surface as null, not 0.
+ * Per-dimension extents of an array DIE, outermost first — one entry per
+ * DW_TAG_subrange_type, `null` where that dimension is flexible (no bound) or
+ * zero-length. Null overall when the DIE carries no subranges at all.
+ *
+ * This is the RANK, which {@link arrayLength} multiplies away. Both readings are needed:
+ * the flat count sizes the object, the rank says how many subscripts an element access
+ * takes — and `x[i]` on a `[4][8]` is a row, not an element.
  */
-function arrayLength(arrayDie: Die): number | null {
-  let count = 1;
-  let sawDimension = false;
+function arrayDims(arrayDie: Die): (number | null)[] | null {
+  const dims: (number | null)[] = [];
   for (const child of arrayDie.children) {
     if (child.tag !== DW_TAG_subrange_type) {
       continue;
     }
-    sawDimension = true;
     const explicit = numberAttr(child, DW_AT_count);
     const rawUpper = numberAttr(child, DW_AT_upper_bound);
     // GCC 2.95 stores a zero-length array's -1 upper bound in UNSIGNED DW_FORM_data4;
     // read raw, upper+1 would claim 2^32 elements. Normalize to the modern sdata reading.
     const upper = rawUpper === 0xffffffff ? -1 : rawUpper;
     const dim = explicit !== null ? explicit : upper !== null ? upper + 1 : null;
-    if (dim === null || dim <= 0) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    count *= dim;
+    dims.push(dim === null || dim <= 0 ? null : dim);
+  }
+  return dims.length > 0 ? dims : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * {@link arrayDims} for a VARIABLE, with the declaration quirk normalized: GCC 2.95
+ * encodes an unsized extern's outermost bound as upper_bound 0, byte-identical to a
+ * real `[1]`, so on a DW_AT_declaration a leading extent of 1 is reported as unknown.
+ * The rare genuine `extern T x[1]` / `extern T x[1][4]` loses a near-information-free
+ * fact; a DEFINITION keeps its 1, since the definition is the witness.
+ */
+function declaredDims(variable: Die, arrayDie: Die): (number | null)[] | null {
+  const dims = arrayDims(arrayDie);
+  if (dims === null || !isDeclaration(variable) || dims[0] !== 1) {
+    return dims;
+  }
+  return [null, ...dims.slice(1)];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Element count of an array DIE (product of its DW_TAG_subrange_type dimensions),
+ * or null if any dimension is flexible (no bound) or zero-length — those have no
+ * fixed read size, so the member's size should surface as null, not 0.
+ */
+function arrayLength(arrayDie: Die): number | null {
+  const dims = arrayDims(arrayDie);
+  if (dims === null || dims.some((d) => d === null)) {
+    return null;
   }
-  return sawDimension ? count : null;
+  return dims.reduce<number>((a, d) => a * d!, 1);
 }
 
 /** Signedness of a base type from DW_AT_encoding (DW_ATE_signed/signed_char = signed;
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/min.elf b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/min.elf
index f6facf1..5effc18 100755
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/min.elf and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/min.elf differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/oracle.json b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/oracle.json
index 95fb490..1b0efc7 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/oracle.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/build/oracle.json
@@ -1,45 +1,49 @@
 {
   "symbols": {
-    ".gcc2_compiled.": 134217736,
+    ".gcc2_compiled.": 134218052,
     "__gccmain": 134217734,
     "_start": 134217728,
     "add": 134217736,
     "bump": 134217748,
     "gAbsGlobal": 50336308,
-    "g_bits": 50331736,
+    "g_bits": 50331792,
     "g_color": 50331708,
     "g_counter": 50331648,
-    "g_cv": 50331728,
-    "g_ext_table": 134218032,
+    "g_cv": 50331760,
+    "g_ext_grid": 134218076,
+    "g_ext_table": 134218068,
     "g_flex": 50331652,
-    "g_fwd_pay": 50331744,
+    "g_fwd_pay": 50331800,
     "g_fwd_ptr": 50331696,
-    "g_fwd_sized_table": 134218054,
-    "g_init_table": 134218046,
+    "g_fwd_sized_table": 134218106,
+    "g_grid": 50331776,
+    "g_grid3": 50331728,
+    "g_init_table": 134218098,
     "g_mmio": 50331712,
     "g_mode": 50331656,
     "g_one_def": 50331700,
-    "g_pair": 50331720,
+    "g_pair": 50331752,
     "g_probe": 50331664,
-    "g_rom_table": 134218040,
-    "g_util_pair": 50331752,
+    "g_rom_table": 134218092,
+    "g_util_pair": 50331808,
     "g_zero": 50331704,
     "main": 134217880,
     "poke": 134217916,
+    "rank_poke": 134218016,
     "square": 134217740,
-    "triple": 134218016
+    "triple": 134218052
   },
   "lines": {
-    "0x8000120": {
-      "func": "triple",
-      "file": "util.c",
-      "line": 16
-    },
     "0x8000008": {
       "func": "add",
       "file": "main.c",
       "line": 94
     },
+    "0x8000144": {
+      "func": "triple",
+      "file": "util.c",
+      "line": 16
+    },
     "0x8000006": {
       "func": "__gccmain",
       "file": "??",
@@ -65,6 +69,11 @@
       "file": "main.c",
       "line": 162
     },
+    "0x8000120": {
+      "func": "rank_poke",
+      "file": "main.c",
+      "line": 188
+    },
     "0x800000c": {
       "func": "square",
       "file": "main.c",
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/crt0.s b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/crt0.s
index a376a6c..d4561cb 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/crt0.s
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/crt0.s
@@ -26,3 +26,11 @@ __gccmain:
 	.align 1
 g_ext_table:
 	.hword 10, 20, 30, 40
+
+@ The same idiom with a RANK: main.c declares `extern const short g_ext_grid[][4];`,
+@ so only the inner extent is knowable from the DWARF.
+	.global g_ext_grid
+	.align 1
+g_ext_grid:
+	.hword 1, 2, 3, 4
+	.hword 5, 6, 7, 8
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/main.c b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/main.c
index a1e20a9..b7a7c75 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/main.c
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/agbcc-min/main.c
@@ -166,3 +166,26 @@ int poke(int i) { /* keeps every shape above live in the DWARF */
 }
 
 static const unsigned short g_fwd_sized_table[][2] = {{5, 6}, {7, 8}, {9, 10}};
+
+/* ---- RANK shapes. A flat element count cannot express how many subscripts an
+ * element access takes, and `g[i]` on a `[2][3]` is a ROW, not an element — so the
+ * per-dimension extents are their own fact (variableShape().dims / StructMember.dims).
+ *   g_grid3   — a fully-bounded rank 3, the ordinary case (dims [2,3,4], length 24);
+ *   g_ext_grid — the decomp `extern u8 tbl[][0x40]` idiom, defined outside C: its OUTER
+ *                bound is unknowable but the INNER one is written down and is exactly
+ *                what an element access needs, so the rank must survive as [null, 4];
+ *   Grid.cells — the same fact one level down, on a struct member. */
+unsigned char g_grid3[2][3][4];
+extern const short g_ext_grid[][4];
+
+struct Grid {
+    int id;
+    unsigned short cells[2][3];
+};
+struct Grid g_grid;
+
+int rank_poke(int i) { /* keeps the shapes above live in the DWARF */
+    g_grid3[1][2][3] = (unsigned char) i;
+    g_grid.cells[1][2] = (unsigned short) g_ext_grid[i][1];
+    return g_grid.id;
+}
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/macinfo.o b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/macinfo.o
index 9f00185..e0fd0e1 100644
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/macinfo.o and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/macinfo.o differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/min.elf b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/min.elf
index 05fe577..a29b825 100755
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/min.elf and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/min.elf differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/oracle.json b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/oracle.json
index b7f913a..3d8c9ce 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/oracle.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/build/oracle.json
@@ -1,36 +1,39 @@
 {
   "symbols": {
     "add": 134217756,
-    "__bss_end__": 134222088,
-    "_bss_end__": 134222088,
-    "__bss_start": 134221992,
-    "__bss_start__": 134221992,
+    "__bss_end__": 134222152,
+    "_bss_end__": 134222152,
+    "__bss_start": 134222016,
+    "__bss_start__": 134222016,
     "bump": 134217768,
-    "__data_start": 134221988,
-    "_edata": 134221992,
-    "__end__": 134222088,
-    "_end": 134222088,
+    "__data_start": 134222008,
+    "_edata": 134222012,
+    "__end__": 134222152,
+    "_end": 134222152,
     "gAbsGlobal": 50336308,
-    "g_bits": 134222040,
-    "g_blob": 134222072,
-    "g_color": 134222036,
-    "g_counter": 134221992,
-    "g_cv": 134222048,
-    "g_cv_ptr": 134222080,
-    "g_cv_vptr": 134222076,
-    "g_mmio": 134222052,
-    "g_mode": 134222037,
-    "g_pair": 134222028,
-    "g_pair_ptr": 134221988,
-    "g_probe": 134221996,
-    "g_rom_table": 134217884,
-    "g_shape": 134222056,
-    "g_util_pair": 134222084,
-    "g_wide": 134222064,
+    "g_bits": 134222064,
+    "g_blob": 134222096,
+    "g_color": 134222060,
+    "g_counter": 134222016,
+    "g_cv": 134222072,
+    "g_cv_ptr": 134222144,
+    "g_cv_vptr": 134222140,
+    "g_grid": 134222124,
+    "g_grid3": 134222100,
+    "g_mmio": 134222076,
+    "g_mode": 134222061,
+    "g_pair": 134222052,
+    "g_pair_ptr": 134222008,
+    "g_probe": 134222020,
+    "g_rom_table": 134217904,
+    "g_shape": 134222080,
+    "g_util_pair": 134222148,
+    "g_wide": 134222088,
     "main": 134217728,
+    "rank_poke": 134217868,
     "square": 134217760,
     "_stack": 524288,
-    "triple": 134217868
+    "triple": 134217888
   },
   "lines": {
     "0x800001c": {
@@ -48,12 +51,17 @@
       "file": "main.c",
       "line": 143
     },
+    "0x800008c": {
+      "func": "rank_poke",
+      "file": "main.c",
+      "line": 178
+    },
     "0x8000020": {
       "func": "square",
       "file": "main.c",
       "line": 124
     },
-    "0x800008c": {
+    "0x80000a0": {
       "func": "triple",
       "file": "util.c",
       "line": 17
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/source/main.c b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/source/main.c
index c975fd4..5a7616d 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/source/main.c
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/devkitarm-min/source/main.c
@@ -159,3 +159,23 @@ int main(void) {
 #define EWRAM_BASE 0x02000000
 #define CLAMP(x, lo, hi) ((x) < (lo) ? (lo) : (x) > (hi) ? (hi) : (x))
 #define NO_BODY
+
+// ---- RANK. A flat element count cannot say how many subscripts reach an ELEMENT, and
+// `g[i]` on a `[2][3]` is a ROW. The per-dimension extents are their own fact
+// (variableShape().dims / StructMember.dims), and they are ABI- and byte-order-independent,
+// so all four toolchains must report them identically. (agbcc-min additionally carries the
+// `extern T x[][4]` idiom, whose unsized outer bound is a GCC 2.95 ENCODING quirk — modern
+// producers spell it differently, so it is pinned there rather than shared.)
+unsigned char g_grid3[2][3][4]; // fully-bounded rank 3: dims [2,3,4], length 24
+
+struct Grid { //   Grid: id @0 (4)  cells @4 (12: [2][3] of u16)        size 16
+    int id;
+    unsigned short cells[2][3]; // the same fact one level down, on a member
+};
+struct Grid g_grid;
+
+__attribute__((noinline)) int rank_poke(int i) { // keeps the two shapes above live
+    g_grid3[1][2][3] = (unsigned char) i;
+    g_grid.cells[1][2] = (unsigned short) g_grid.id;
+    return g_grid.id;
+}
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/min.elf b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/min.elf
index 45b5a4c..cd3ce49 100755
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/min.elf and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/min.elf differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/oracle.json b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/oracle.json
index a2a0f9a..03a03e0 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/oracle.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/build/oracle.json
@@ -1,34 +1,36 @@
 {
   "symbols": {
-    "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_": 4260480,
-    "__bss_start": 4260496,
-    "_edata": 4260492,
-    "_end": 4260576,
-    "_fbss": 4260496,
-    "_fdata": 4260464,
+    "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_": 4260496,
+    "__bss_start": 4260512,
+    "_edata": 4260508,
+    "_end": 4260640,
+    "_fbss": 4260512,
+    "_fdata": 4260480,
     "_ftext": 4194640,
-    "_gp": 4293232,
+    "_gp": 4293248,
     "add": 4194704,
     "bump": 4194720,
-    "g_bits": 4260500,
-    "g_counter": 4260556,
-    "g_cv": 4260496,
-    "g_probe": 4260508,
-    "g_probe_ptr": 4260464,
-    "g_ptr": 4260552,
-    "g_rom_table": 4194912,
-    "g_table": 4260544,
-    "g_util_pair": 4260560,
-    "g_vol": 4260540,
+    "g_bits": 4260556,
+    "g_counter": 4260612,
+    "g_cv": 4260552,
+    "g_grid": 4260512,
+    "g_grid3": 4260528,
+    "g_probe": 4260564,
+    "g_probe_ptr": 4260480,
+    "g_ptr": 4260608,
+    "g_rom_table": 4194928,
+    "g_table": 4260600,
+    "g_util_pair": 4260624,
+    "g_vol": 4260596,
     "main": 4194640,
     "square": 4194712,
-    "triple": 4194880
+    "triple": 4194896
   },
   "lines": {
     "0x400150": {
       "func": "main",
       "file": "main.c",
-      "line": 97
+      "line": 113
     },
     "0x400190": {
       "func": "add",
@@ -38,14 +40,14 @@
     "0x4001a0": {
       "func": "bump",
       "file": "main.c",
-      "line": 86
+      "line": 100
     },
     "0x400198": {
       "func": "square",
       "file": "main.c",
       "line": 83
     },
-    "0x400240": {
+    "0x400250": {
       "func": "triple",
       "file": "util.c",
       "line": 15
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/main.c b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/main.c
index 6db4311..62f6f60 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/main.c
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/mips-min/main.c
@@ -82,6 +82,20 @@ int square(int n) {
     return n * n;
 }
 
+/* ---- RANK. A flat element count cannot say how many subscripts reach an ELEMENT, and
+ * `g[i]` on a `[2][3]` is a ROW. The per-dimension extents are their own fact
+ * (variableShape().dims / StructMember.dims), and they are ABI- and byte-order-independent,
+ * so all four toolchains must report them identically. (agbcc-min additionally carries the
+ * `extern T x[][4]` idiom, whose unsized outer bound is a GCC 2.95 ENCODING quirk — modern
+ * producers spell it differently, so it is pinned there rather than shared.) */
+unsigned char g_grid3[2][3][4]; /* fully-bounded rank 3: dims [2,3,4], length 24 */
+
+struct Grid { /*   Grid: id @0 (4)  cells @4 (12: [2][3] of u16)        size 16 */
+    int id;
+    unsigned short cells[2][3]; /* the same fact one level down, on a member */
+};
+struct Grid g_grid;
+
 void bump(void) {
     g_counter += 1;
     g_ptr = &g_counter;                          /* keep the pointer global live */
@@ -92,6 +106,8 @@ void bump(void) {
     g_bits.after = g_counter;
     g_cv.level = (signed char) g_counter;        /* keep struct Cv + its quals live */
     g_probe.count = g_rom_table[g_counter & 1];  /* keep the const table live */
+    g_grid3[1][2][3] = (unsigned char) g_counter; /* keep the rank-3 array live */
+    g_grid.cells[1][2] = (unsigned short) g_grid.id; /* keep struct Grid + its 2-D member live */
 }
 
 int main(void) {
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/main.o b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/main.o
index 44febdc..947c299 100644
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/main.o and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/main.o differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/min.elf b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/min.elf
index 44fee28..8108423 100755
Binary files a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/min.elf and b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/min.elf differ
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle-obj.json b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle-obj.json
index cabcc37..fca0882 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle-obj.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle-obj.json
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
     "g_bits": 4,
     "g_counter": 28,
     "g_cv": 0,
+    "g_grid": 56,
+    "g_grid3": 32,
     "g_probe": 0,
     "g_probe_ptr": 0,
     "g_ptr": 24,
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@
     "0x20": {
       "func": "bump",
       "file": "main.c",
-      "line": 85
+      "line": 100
     },
     "0x10": {
       "func": "square",
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle.json b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle.json
index c638700..9012e00 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle.json
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/build/oracle.json
@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@
     "__GNU_EH_FRAME_HDR": 268435968,
     "__bss_start": 268439564,
     "_edata": 268439562,
-    "_end": 268439632,
+    "_end": 268439672,
     "add": 268435776,
     "bump": 268435808,
     "g_bits": 268439568,
     "g_counter": 268439592,
     "g_cv": 268439564,
+    "g_grid": 268439656,
+    "g_grid3": 268439632,
     "g_probe": 268439600,
     "g_probe_ptr": 268439552,
     "g_ptr": 268439588,
@@ -30,12 +32,12 @@
     "0x10000160": {
       "func": "bump",
       "file": "main.c",
-      "line": 85
+      "line": 100
     },
     "0x10000100": {
       "func": "main",
       "file": "main.c",
-      "line": 97
+      "line": 113
     },
     "0x10000150": {
       "func": "square",
diff --git a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/main.c b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/main.c
index 6db4311..62f6f60 100644
--- a/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/main.c
+++ b/packages/debug-info/test-projects/ppc-min/main.c
@@ -82,6 +82,20 @@ int square(int n) {
     return n * n;
 }
 
+/* ---- RANK. A flat element count cannot say how many subscripts reach an ELEMENT, and
+ * `g[i]` on a `[2][3]` is a ROW. The per-dimension extents are their own fact
+ * (variableShape().dims / StructMember.dims), and they are ABI- and byte-order-independent,
+ * so all four toolchains must report them identically. (agbcc-min additionally carries the
+ * `extern T x[][4]` idiom, whose unsized outer bound is a GCC 2.95 ENCODING quirk — modern
+ * producers spell it differently, so it is pinned there rather than shared.) */
+unsigned char g_grid3[2][3][4]; /* fully-bounded rank 3: dims [2,3,4], length 24 */
+
+struct Grid { /*   Grid: id @0 (4)  cells @4 (12: [2][3] of u16)        size 16 */
+    int id;
+    unsigned short cells[2][3]; /* the same fact one level down, on a member */
+};
+struct Grid g_grid;
+
 void bump(void) {
     g_counter += 1;
     g_ptr = &g_counter;                          /* keep the pointer global live */
@@ -92,6 +106,8 @@ void bump(void) {
     g_bits.after = g_counter;
     g_cv.level = (signed char) g_counter;        /* keep struct Cv + its quals live */
     g_probe.count = g_rom_table[g_counter & 1];  /* keep the const table live */
+    g_grid3[1][2][3] = (unsigned char) g_counter; /* keep the rank-3 array live */
+    g_grid.cells[1][2] = (unsigned short) g_grid.id; /* keep struct Grid + its 2-D member live */
 }
 
 int main(void) {
diff --git a/packages/gba-browser/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/gba-browser/CHANGELOG.md
index c1815c9..79a7b72 100644
--- a/packages/gba-browser/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/gba-browser/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # @gba-kit/gba-browser
 
+## 0.5.0
+
+### Patch Changes
+
+- @gba-kit/gba-emulator@0.5.0
+- @gba-kit/arm-emulator@0.5.0
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ### Patch Changes
diff --git a/packages/gba-browser/package.json b/packages/gba-browser/package.json
index f5a16a4..5165f78 100644
--- a/packages/gba-browser/package.json
+++ b/packages/gba-browser/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/gba-browser",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "Browser runtime for GBA emulation",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",
diff --git a/packages/gba-emulator/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/gba-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
index 5f353fb..3134261 100644
--- a/packages/gba-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/gba-emulator/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 # @gba-kit/gba-emulator
 
+## 0.5.0
+
+### Patch Changes
+
+- Updated dependencies
+  - @gba-kit/debug-info@0.5.0
+  - @gba-kit/arm-emulator@0.5.0
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ### Patch Changes
diff --git a/packages/gba-emulator/package.json b/packages/gba-emulator/package.json
index 1aedc03..6b7f946 100644
--- a/packages/gba-emulator/package.json
+++ b/packages/gba-emulator/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/gba-emulator",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "Full GBA hardware emulation",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",
diff --git a/packages/gba-node/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/gba-node/CHANGELOG.md
index 5ec7b36..5b25638 100644
--- a/packages/gba-node/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/gba-node/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 # @gba-kit/gba-node
 
+## 0.5.0
+
+### Patch Changes
+
+- @gba-kit/gba-emulator@0.5.0
+- @gba-kit/arm-emulator@0.5.0
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ### Patch Changes
diff --git a/packages/gba-node/package.json b/packages/gba-node/package.json
index 15472b1..efa47c5 100644
--- a/packages/gba-node/package.json
+++ b/packages/gba-node/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/gba-node",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "Headless Node.js runtime for scripted GBA emulation",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",
diff --git a/packages/gba-react/CHANGELOG.md b/packages/gba-react/CHANGELOG.md
index 6ec5987..c14ba15 100644
--- a/packages/gba-react/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/packages/gba-react/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 # @gba-kit/gba-react
 
+## 0.5.0
+
+### Patch Changes
+
+- @gba-kit/gba-browser@0.5.0
+
 ## 0.4.0
 
 ### Patch Changes
diff --git a/packages/gba-react/package.json b/packages/gba-react/package.json
index f65d585..0f66c75 100644
--- a/packages/gba-react/package.json
+++ b/packages/gba-react/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@gba-kit/gba-react",
-  "version": "0.4.0",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "React hooks for GBA emulation",
   "author": "macabeus",
   "type": "module",